Front Cover -- Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience: Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS -- Copyright -- Editors-in-Chief -- Section Editors -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction to Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience -- Section I: Induction and Patterning of the CNS and PNS -- Chapter 1: Telencephalon Patterning -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Telencephalon Induction -- 1.2.1. The Anterior Neural Ridge -- 1.2.2. FGF Signaling -- 1.2.3. Wnt Antagonism -- 1.2.4. Interactions of Low Wnt with FGFs and BMPs -- 1.3. Overview of Early Telencephalic Subdivisions -- 1.4. Establishing Dorsal Versus Ventral Domains -- 1.4.1. Shh and Gli3, Two Key Players -- 1.4.2. Foxg1 and FGFs Cooperatively Promote Ventral Development -- 1.4.3. Establishing the Dorsal Telencephalic Domain -- 1.4.4. Sharpening the Dorsal-Ventral Border -- 1.4.5. The Olfactory Bulbs -- 1.5. Boundary Structures as Organizing Centers and CR Cell Sources -- 1.5.1. Nomenclature of Domains in the Early Telencephalic Neuroepithelium -- 1.5.2. Specification of the Hem and the Antihem -- 1.5.2.1. Molecular Mechanisms that Act to Position and Specify the Cortical Hem -- 1.5.2.2. Molecular Mechanisms that Act to Specify and Position the Antihem -- 1.5.3. CR Cells Arise from Four Telencephalic Boundary Structures -- 1.5.4. Organizer Functions of Telencephalic Boundary Structures -- 1.5.4.1. Rostral Signaling Center/Septum -- 1.5.4.2. Hem -- 1.5.4.3. Antihem -- 1.6. Subdividing Ventral Domains -- 1.6.1. The Striatum and Pallidum -- 1.6.2. The Amygdala -- 1.6.3. An Evolutionary Perspective for How the Neocortex Arose? -- 1.6.4. Lineage and Fate Mapping in the Ventral Telencephalon -- 1.7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Morphogens, Patterning Centers, and their Mechanisms of Action -- 2.1. General Principles of Morphogen Gradients.

2.1.1. History of the Morphogen and Morphogenetic Field -- 2.1.2. How Morphogen Gradients Pattern Tissues -- 2.1.3. How Morphogens Are Distributed -- 2.1.4. How Morphogen Signaling Is Transduced and Interpreted -- 2.1.5. How Morphogen Gradients Are Converted into Sharp Boundaries -- 2.1.6. Summary: General Principles of Morphogen Gradients -- 2.2. Local Signaling Centers and Probable Morphogens in the Telencephalon -- 2.2.1. Early Forebrain Patterning -- 2.2.2. The Anteromedial Cerebral Pole -- 2.2.3. The Telencephalic RP and Cortical Hem -- 2.2.4. The Antihem -- 2.3. BMPs as Morphogens in Telencephalic Patterning -- 2.3.1. Performance Objectives for a BMP Gradient in the Dorsal Telencephalon -- 2.3.2. Midline Expression and Homeogenetic Expansion of BMP Production -- 2.3.3. The BMP Signaling Gradient in the Dorsal Telencephalon -- 2.3.4. Evidence for BMPs as Dorsal Telencephalic Morphogens -- 2.3.5. Linear Conversion of BMP Signaling by Cortical Cells -- 2.3.6. Nonlinear Conversion of BMP Signaling by DTM Cells -- 2.3.7. Summary: The BMP Signaling Gradient -- 2.4. FGFs as Morphogens in Telencephalic Patterning -- 2.4.1. Patterning the Neocortical Area Map -- 2.4.2. Distribution of FGF8 in the Neocortical Primordium -- 2.4.3. How NP Cells Interpret an FGF8 Gradient -- 2.4.4. FGF Signaling in the Dorsoventral Division of the Telencephalon -- 2.4.5. Functions of More Broadly Distributed FGFs in the Dorsal Telencephalon -- 2.5. Interactions Among Signaling Centers in Telencephalic Patterning -- 2.5.1. FGF8, Shh, and BMP Signaling -- 2.5.2. Cross-Regulation of BMP, FGF, and WNT Signaling, Integrated by Emx2 -- 2.5.3. Interactions of Shh, FGFs, and Gli3 -- 2.5.4. Downstream Interactions -- 2.6. Morphogens in Human Brain Disease -- 2.6.1. Holoprosencephaly and Kallmann Syndrome -- 2.6.2. Gradients in HPE Neuropathology.

2.6.3. Gradients in Other Human Brain Disorders -- References -- Chapter 3: Midbrain Patterning: Isthmus Organizer, Tectum Regionalization, and Polarity Formation -- 3.1. Function and Development of the Midbrain -- 3.1.1. Plan of the Vertebrate Brain -- 3.1.2. Brief Outline of the Midbrain (Mesencephalon) -- 3.1.3. Development of the Tectum -- 3.1.4. Optic Tectum as a Visual Center -- 3.1.4.1. Retinotectal Projection -- 3.2. Midbrain Regionalization -- 3.2.1. Gene Expression around the Midbrain at around Stage 10 -- 3.2.2. Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary Formation -- 3.2.3. Diencephalon-Mesencephalon Boundary Formation -- 3.2.4. Dorsal-Ventral Patterning -- 3.2.4.1. Dorsal Patterning -- 3.2.4.2. Ventral Patterning -- 3.2.4.3. Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons -- 3.3. Isthmus Organizer -- 3.3.1. Background -- 3.3.2. Isthmus Organizing Molecule -- 3.3.3. Isoforms of Fgf8 -- 3.3.4. Other Fgfs and Fgf Receptors -- 3.3.5. Transduction of Fgf8 Signal -- 3.3.6. Negative Regulators for Ras-ERK Signaling Pathway -- 3.3.7. Differential Patterning of Midbrain, Isthmus, and Cerebellum by Fgf8 Signaling -- 3.4. Isthmic Organizer and Tectum Polarity -- 3.4.1. Rostrocaudal Polarity of the Tectum -- 3.4.2. Positional Specification of the Tectum -- 3.4.3. Isthmic Organizer and the Rostrocaudal Polarity of the Tectum -- 3.5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Area Patterning of the Mammalian Cortex -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Cortical Divisions and Components -- 4.2.1. Cerebral Cortex Divisions -- 4.2.2. Neocortical Areas -- 4.2.3. Thalamocortical Relationships -- 4.2.4. Origins of General Classes of Cortical Neurons -- 4.3. Naturally Occurring Differences in Area Patterning -- 4.3.1. Phylogenic Differences in Area Patterning -- 4.3.2. Differences in Area Patterning within a Species -- 4.4. Extrinsic Influences on Area Patterning.

4.4.1. Late Development of Area Patterning from an Early More Uniform CP -- 4.4.2. Development and Plasticity in Area-Specific Output Projections Related to Area Patterning -- 4.4.3. Area-Specific TCA Input and Potential Roles in Area Patterning -- 4.4.4. Sensory Periphery-Mediated Plasticity in Area Patterning -- 4.5. Intrinsic Genetic Mechanisms Regulating Arealization -- 4.5.1. Telencephalic Patterning Centers in Arealization -- 4.5.1.1. CoP: An Anterior Patterning Center -- 4.5.1.2. Cortical Hem: A Dorsal-Caudal Patterning Center -- 4.5.2. TF Expression by Cortical Progenitors Regulates Area Patterning -- 4.5.2.1. Emx2 -- 4.5.2.2. Pax6 -- 4.5.2.3. Sp8 -- 4.5.2.4. COUP-TFI -- 4.5.2.5. Interactions Between TFs to Regulate Area Patterning -- 4.6. Extent of Genetic Specification of Area-Specific Properties -- 4.6.1. Do Area-Unique Genes Exist? -- 4.6.2. What Is `Area Identity? ́-- 4.6.3. Genetic Determination of Cortical Projection Neurons Related to Arealization -- 4.6.4. Candidate Targets of TFs that Regulate Area Patterning -- 4.6.5. Translating Gradients of TFs into Sharp Borders -- 4.7. Regional Patterning of the Cerebral Cortex -- 4.8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: The Formation and Maturation of Neuromuscular Junctions -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Neuromuscular Junctions are Comprised of Several Cell Types -- 5.3. The Formation of Neuromuscular Junctions Involves Bidirectional Signaling Among Cell Types -- 5.4. Formation of a Differentiated Postsynaptic Membrane: The Agrin-MUSK-ACH Hypothesis -- 5.5. Neuromuscular Synapse Elimination -- 5.6. Structural and Functional Changes at Neuromuscular Junctions During Synapse Elimination -- 5.7. Mechanisms of Synapse Elimination: Activity-Dependent Competition -- 5.8. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Neural Induction of Embryonic Stem/Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

6.1. Introduction to Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells -- 6.1.1. Origin of ES Cells -- 6.1.2. Reprogramming -- 6.1.3. Discovery of iPS Cells -- 6.2. Introduction to ES and iPS Neural Induction -- 6.3. Neural Progenitor Cells -- 6.4. Differentiation to Specific Regional Identities -- 6.4.1. Differentiation to Forebrain Cell Types -- 6.4.1.1. Cortex -- 6.4.1.2. Basal Ganglia -- 6.4.2. Differentiation to Midbrain Cell Types -- 6.4.3. Differentiation to Hindbrain Cell Types -- 6.4.3.1. Cerebellum -- 6.4.4. Differentiation to Spinal Cord Cell Types -- 6.4.4.1. Motor Neurons -- 6.4.4.2. Oligodendrocytes -- 6.5. Differentiation to Neural Crest Progenitor Cells -- 6.6. Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts to Neurons -- 6.7. Clinical Applications -- 6.7.1. Geron Clinical Trials for Spinal Cord Cell Replacement Therapy -- 6.7.2. Treating and Modeling PD -- 6.7.3. Modeling Familiar Dysautonomia Using iPS Cells -- 6.7.4. Modeling Spinal Muscular Atrophy Using iPS Cells -- 6.7.5. Novel Insights into the Cause of ALS Using ES Cells -- 6.8. Review -- References -- Chapter 7: Spinal Cord Patterning -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Major Concepts of Spinal Cord Patterning -- 7.3. Dorsoventral Patterning -- 7.3.1. Dorsoventral Patterning: Shh -- 7.3.2. Dorsoventral Patterning: BMPs -- 7.3.3. Dorsoventral Patterning: Wnts -- 7.3.4. Other Aspects of Dorsoventral Patterning -- 7.4. Rostrocaudal Patterning -- 7.4.1. Rostrocaudal Patterning: RA, FGFs, Gdf11, and the Hox Code -- 7.4.2. Rostrocaudal Patterning: Hox Expression in MNs -- 7.5. LIM/bHLH Factors and the Combinatorial Code -- 7.5.1. LIM Homeodomain Factors -- 7.5.2. bHLH Factors -- 7.5.3. Establishing Neural Identities through a Combinatorial Code -- 7.6. Cell-Cell Interactions -- 7.6.1. Notch-Delta Signaling -- 7.6.2. Retinoid Signaling -- 7.7. Glia in the Spinal Cord -- 7.7.1. Astrocytes.

7.7.2. Oligodendrocytes.