Synchrony and Diachrony -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- Synchrony and diachrony -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synchrony and diachrony: Historical background -- 2.1 Setting the stage: The Saussurian dichotomies -- 2.2 Grammaticalization: Integrating the perspectives -- 3. Manifestations of the synchrony-diachrony interface -- 4. Focus on theoretical and methodological issues -- 5. Overview of the contributions to the volume -- References -- Gradualness in language change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gradience, gradualness and constructions -- 2.1 Gradience -- 2.2 Gradualness -- 2.3 Constructional changes and constructionalization -- 3. An example: The development of the deverbal preposition during in English -- 4. Conclusions -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- References -- Gradual change and continual variation -- 1. Overview -- 2. Gradualness and variation -- 2.1 The gradualness paradox -- 2.2 Gradualness and variation in Diachronic Construction Grammar -- 3. Overview of Middle Welsh data -- 3.1 Overview of Middle Welsh prose word order -- 3.2 AIV order in Middle Welsh poetry -- 3.3 The status of AIV order in Middle Welsh prose -- 4. Increase and variation in use of AIV order in Early Modern Welsh -- 4.1 Evidence of the increase in use of AIV order -- 4.2 A discrete or gradual syntactic change? -- 4.3 Competition between AIV order and other constructions -- 4.4 Syntactic motivation for the use of AIV order -- 4.4.1 Link between the "loss" of the preverbal particle y and rise of AIV order -- 4.4.2 Evidence from the Early Modern Welsh corpus -- 4.4.3 Significance of the correlation between Adverb+verb order and AIV order -- 4.5 Stylistic motivations for the use of AIV order.

4.5.1 Potential influence of poetic style in the prose Bible translations -- 4.5.2 Stylistic nature of the variation -- 5. Conclusion -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- References -- Primary sources -- Secondary sources -- Can you literally be scared sick? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 2.1 Constructions -- 2.2 Constructional levels -- 2.3 Prototypicality -- 3. Case study -- 3.1 Degree meaning -- 3.2 resultative meanings -- 3.2.1 Standard resultative meaning -- 3.2.2 Stative resultative meaning -- 3.3 Online construal -- 4. Prototypicality -- 4.1 Investigating the standard resultative meaning -- 4.2 Frequency -- 5. Analogical development -- 5.1 Analogical models for the dmcxn -- 5.2 Explaining the rise of the standard Rcxn -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Corpora used -- References -- The reputed sense of be meant to -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 3. A reconstruction of the development of hearsay be meant to -- 3.1 The hearsay use -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1 be meant to and the conceptual space of evidentiality -- 4.2 A meaning extension to be meant to and be supposed to -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- References -- Gradualness in analogical change as a complexification stage in a language simplification process -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic premises -- 2.1 Complexity, complexification, and simplification -- 2.2 Inflectional system and nominal paradigms in SMG -- 3. Dialectal data -- 3.1 Lesvian - Aivaliot -- 3.2 Pontic -- 3.3 Livisi -- 3.4 Silli dialect -- 4. Gradualness in analogical change as a language simplification process -- 5. Conclusions -- Focus on the interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- References -- Semantic maps, for synchronic and diachronic typology.

1. Introduction -- 2. Semantic maps: The two types -- 3. Making connectivity maps diachronic -- 4. Semantic maps and complexity -- 5. Scope reversal -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Synchronic aradience and language change in Latin genitive constructions -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Synchronic variation and diachronic change -- 1.2 Constructional gradience in possessive constructions -- 1.3 Overlaps and scales between possession and modification -- 1.4 Adnominal dependents in English and Latin -- 2. Adnominal constructions in Latin -- 2.1 Adnominal genitives -- 2.2 Nominal modification -- 2.3 Attributive modification -- 3. A family of constructions -- 3.1 Gradience between adnominal genitive and nominal modification -- 3.2 A family of constructions -- 3.3 More non-anchoring genitives… -- 3.4 …and more NG constructions -- 4. Conclusions -- 4.1 Constructional ambiguity and constructional variation -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- References -- Double agreement in the alpine languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Agreement on C in Bavarian -- 2.1 Subject encliticization in Bavarian and the 1pl marker -mr/-mà of Carinthian -- 2.2 From cliticization to C-oriented subject agreement marking -- 2.3 Restoration and partial loss of double agreement -- 3. The two conjugations of Southern Walser German -- 3.1 The reanalysis of weak subject pronouns as subject agreement markers -- 3.2 Double agreement controlled by the syntactic representation of the subject -- 3.3 Double agreement controlled by the topic-worthiness of the subject -- 4. Quasi-pronominal agreement marking in Badiot -- 4.1 The Badiot subject clitics and their syntactic distribution -- 4.2 phi-feature checking and double agreement -- 4.3 Homonymy flight and the identification of grammatical relations -- 5. Conclusion.

Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- References -- On variation in gender agreement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Dutch (pronominal) gender system -- 3. Southern Dutch use of gender-marked personal pronouns -- 3.1 The erosion of a grammatical gender system -- 3.2 Antecedent properties affecting variation in agreement systems -- 3.2.1 Referential status of the antecedent referent: The Givenness Hierarchy -- 3.2.2 Grammatical function of the antecedent referent -- 4. Variation in gender agreement and its relation to change -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- References -- Synchronic Variation and Grammatical Change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gender agreement vs. gender assignment: The problem with Dutch -- 3. Dutch DGNs: A synchronic account -- 3.1 An attempt at systematization -- 3.2 The reinvention of Dutch gender and DGNs: A matter of gender agreement -- 3.3 DGNs common semantic properties -- 4. Synchronic variation and diachronic continuity -- 5. Conclusions -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- References -- Sources of Data -- Synchronic Lexicon -- Diachronic Lexicon -- Contextual Analysis -- A case study on the relationship between grammatical change and synchronic variation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diachronic analysis -- 2.1 Stage I: from the 16th century -- 2.2 Stage II: from the end of the 17th century -- 2. 3 Stage III: from the first half of the 20th century -- 2.4 Stage IV: contemporary Italian -- 3. Non-Nominal uses of Tipo in contemporary Italian -- 3.1 Tipo as Adjective -- 3.2 Tipo as formative in Adjectival constructions -- 3.3 Tipo as Preposition -- 3.4 Tipo as Adverb -- 3.5 Interclausal connective -- 3.6 Tipo as Discourse Marker -- 4. Diachronic development and synchronic uses.

Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- Sources of data -- References -- Grammaticalization in the present - the changes of modern Swedish typ -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Grammaticalization and grammaticalization theory - a short background -- 2.2 Material -- 3. Syntactic change -- 3.1 Typ 1 - a regular noun -- 3.2 Typ 2 - head of a nominal complement to the preposition av ('of') -- 3.3 Typ 3 - noun or part of preposition -- 3.4 Typ 4 - preposition or adverb -- 3.5 Typ 5 - adverb or discourse particle -- 3.6 The syntactic development - an overview -- 4. The grammaticalization of typ as interaction between semantic reinterpretations and syntactic reanalyses -- 5. Conclusions -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- Corpora -- Categories -- References -- Corpora -- Other electronic sources -- Literature -- Gradualness in change in English (augmented) absolutes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exemplifying English absolutes -- 3. Data and methodology -- 4. The structural extension of absolutes -- 5. The semantic extension of absolutes -- 6. The increase of with-augmented ACs -- 7. Context expansion and grammatical constructionalization -- 8. Conclusion -- Focus on the dynamic interface between synchrony and diachrony -- Abbreviations -- Corpora -- References -- Grammatical encoding of referentiality in the history of Hungarian -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The first attestations of the definite article: Is it an article at all? -- 3. Definite descriptions in the first half of the Late Old Hungarian Period -- 3.1 What is definiteness? -- 3.2 The time-span of the research -- 3.3 Search for the absence -- 4. The Absence of the article: major types -- 4.1 Proper names -- 4.2 Modified by a demonstrative -- 4.3 Generics -- 4.4 Possessive structures.

4.4.1 Pronominal possessors.