The Persistence of Language -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Interdisciplinary conversations: Jane's many friends -- 2. The universal and the particular: Jane's human voices -- 3. Responsibility in narrative: Jane's discourses -- References -- Introduction -- 1. Section 1 - Approaches to the study of the indigenous languages of the Americas -- 2. Section 2 - Approaches to the study of voices and ideologies -- 2.1 Language contact, shift, and endangerment - implications for policy -- 2.2 Racism in (mediatized) discourse - analyses of practice -- 3. Closing -- References -- The diachrony of Ute Case-Marking -- 1. Orientation -- 2. Subject, object and genitive -- 2.1 Current state -- 2.2 Traces of the oblique suffix -y/-i -- 2.2.1 Object or genitive nouns -- 2.2.2 Demonstratives and pronouns -- 2.2.3 Nominalized clauses -- 2.2.4 The 'epenthetic' suffix -y -- 2.3 The oblique suffix -a -- 2.3.1 The suffix -a as a genitive marker -- 2.3.2 The suffix -a as object marker -- 2.4 The object suffix -ku -- 2.5 Interim summary -- 2.6 Object and genitive: The hidden footprints of nominalization -- 2.7 Reconstruction -- 2.7.1 The suffixes -a and -y -- 2.7.2 The demise of the suffix -y in Ute -- 2.7.3 The object suffix -ku -- 3. Post-positions and indirect objects -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Large-size locative post-positions -- 3.2.1 Noun-derived post-positions -- 3.2.2 Verb-derived post-positions -- 3.2.3 Monosyllabic de-verbal post-positions -- 3.2.4 The older locative post-positions -na, -mi and -ma -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Language contact as an inhibitor of sound change: -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The historical source of Hare [n] and [r] -- 3. Synchronic patterning of historical nasals -- 4. An historical note: Timing of the shift to /r/ -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Language at the time of Petitot -- 4.3 The problem -- 4.4 Possible accounts -- 5. Other diachronic changes: Restructuring and invariant nasals -- 6. Nasals in Gwich'in -- 7. Contact between the Hare and the Gwich'in -- 8. Summary -- References -- Stress in Yucatec Maya -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Syncretism in Language -- 3. Stress and Accent in Language -- 4. Lexical stress vs. metrical stress -- 5. Syntagmatic nature of stress -- 6. Grouping properties of stress -- 7. Foot structure in YM -- 8. Overview of Yucatec phonology -- 9. Methodology -- 10. Subjects -- 11. Elicitation Materials -- 12. Tasks -- 13. Loan Word Usage -- 14. The syncretic continuum in YM -- 15. Pitch in YM Syncretic Shifts -- 16. Intensity in YM syncretic shifts -- 17. Length in YM syncretic shifts -- 18. Testing the predictions -- 19. Conclusion and Implications for Further Study -- References -- The phonetic correlates of Southern Ute stress -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Southern Ute tribe -- 1.2 Language information -- 1.2.1 Southern Ute language status -- 1.2.2 Southern Ute Consonants -- 1.2.3 Southern Ute Vowels -- 2. Phonetic correlates of stress -- 2.1 Descriptive research on Ute stress -- 3. Methods -- 3.1 Phonetic analysis -- 3.1.1 Duration -- 3.1.2 Pitch -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Revisiting Tohono O'odham high vowels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Tohono O'odham vowel and consonant inventory -- 3. Retroflex consonants and the front vowel -- 4. Dialect variation in vowel clusters -- 5. Total vowel assimilation in connected speech -- 6. High vowels and coronal consonants -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Head-marking inflection and the architecture of grammatical theory -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Background: Reduplication and compounding in the literature -- 2. Reduplication and noun incorporation in Hiaki -- 2.1 Reduplication in Hiaki.

2.2 Noun incorporation in Hiaki -- 2.3 Hiaki NI as detransitivizing? -- 3. Reduplication with noun incorporation in Hiaki -- 3.1 Reduplication and verb-affix hybrids -- 3.2 Reduplication and verbal affixes -- 3.3 Word-internal reduplication in pseudo-compounds -- 3.4 Interim conclusion: Head-marking -- 4. Implications for standard theoretical architectures -- 4.1 Weak Lexicalist architectures -- 4.1.1 Productivity -- 4.1.2 Compositionality -- 4.1.3 Interim conclusion for weakly lexicalist frameworks -- 4.2 Syntacticocentric architectures: Baker (1988) on noun incorporation -- 4.3 Strong Lexicalist architectures: DiSciullo & Williams (1987) -- 4.3.1 Interim conclusion for standard architectures -- 5. Architectural accommodations -- 5.1 Word-based approaches: Stump (2001) and PFM -- 5.2 Syntacticocentric approaches: Distributed Morphology -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- A case-study in grass roots development of web resources for language workers: -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What makes a project a 'grass roots' development effort? -- 3. What makes a project an 'archive'? -- 4. A case study in grass roots archiving: The Coeur d'Alene Archive and Online Language Resources (CAOLR) -- 4.1 Background: The Coeur d 'Alene Language and Legacy Materials and the Content of the CAOLR -- 4.2 The Coeur d'Alene Archive and Online Language Resources Project and its Relation to Grass-Roots Archiving -- 4.3 Notes on the development of the CAOLR -- 4.4 Building the CAOLR. -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Spanish in contact with indigenous tongues -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spanish in contact with indigenous languages -- 2.1 Linguistic characteristics of Spanish in contact with Nahuatl -- 2.1.1 Phonology -- 2.1.2 Morphosyntax -- 2.1.3 Lexicon -- 2.2 Some linguistic characteristics of Spanish in contact with Maya -- 3. Investigating clitics in Spanish.

4. Building strategies for the defense of endangered languages -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Websites -- Appendix -- Main Characteristics of Nahuas' Spanish -- How can a language with 7 million speakers be endangered? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gĩkũyũ in colonial and post-Independence language policies -- 3. Gĩkũyũ -- 4. The need for language planning -- 5. Young people -- 6. Young people and the events of the 2007 presidential election -- 7. Conclusion -- Appendix A: Transcription conventions -- References -- A documentary ethnography of a Blackfoot language course -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethnography: The geographic, historical and ideological contexts for linguistic diversity in Blackfoot -- 2.1 Historical separation of land, language, and people -- 2.2 Ongoing effects of geographic separation on language -- 2.3 Linguistic diversity Blackfoot -- 2.4 Varying awareness of linguistic diversity in Blackfoot and varying language ideologies -- 3. Locally emergent interactional norms 1: Roles and resources -- 3.1 Initiating collaboration and inhabiting reciprocal roles -- 3.2 Learning about teaching languages -- 3.3 Finding unequal distributions of resources -- 4. Locally emergent interactional norms 2: Awareness and evaluation -- 4.1 Encountering other awarenesses of Blackfoot diversity in the classroom -- 4.2 Teaching and evaluating Blackfoot diversity -- 5. Clarifying the ideological patterns of variation and standard -- 5.1 Modeling patterns of language ideological variation and emergence (LIVE) -- 5.2 Language ideological patterns and participant affiliations -- 5.3 Conclusions and implications -- 6. Ethnographic coda: Practical heteroglossia -- References -- Syncretic speech, linguistic ideology, and intertextuality -- 1. Introduction: Writing about syncretic speech in Central Mexico -- 2. The chapter -- 3. Presentation de libro.

4. Purist ideologies and syncretic speech -- 5. Intertextuality and the participants. -- 6. Intertextual conversations -- 7. Audience reception -- 8. On meta-discursive practices, translation and publication -- 9.0 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Narrative discriminations in Central California's indigenous narrative traditions -- 1. Western Mono: Hegemonic erasure and counter hegemonic responses -- 2. Brief sketches of two salvage era researchers of indigenous California: Anna Hadwick Gayton (1899-1977) and Stanley Newman (1905-1984) -- 3. Relativism or covert racism: The case for relativism -- 4. (Artless) repetition -- 5. The lack of explication -- 6. Relativism or covert racism: The case for covert racism -- 7. Concluding remarks -- References -- The voice of (White) Reason -- 1. From "Red" to "Dead:" Indians in "White" public space -- 2. And the Indian says to the White man: A note on method -- 3. "It's so easy a [blank] could do it": Modern-primitive iterability -- 4. "The Indians are collecting firewood like crazy!": Primitive-incompetent motif -- 5. The "Arab" qua "Indian" Problem: Laminations of difference -- 6. Conclusion: Deniability, accountability, and covert racist discourse -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Double-voicing in the everyday language of Brazilian black activism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Debating racial politics in Brazil -- 3. Negro vs. Preto: Double-voicing blackness -- 4. Escravo vs. escravizado: What's in a word? -- 5. North American voices in Brazil? -- 6. Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Uptake (un)limited: -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background: (Semiotic) register-shifting, role alignment, and construable contexts. -- 3. Clinton's black preaching style and reconstructing congregational uptake -- 3.1 Black preaching style.

3.2. Method 1: Listening to Clinton's and the congregation's co-performance ethnographically.