Marine Microbiology: Bioactive Compounds and Biotechnological Applications Compounds and ogical -- Contents -- Preface -- Biography -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Marine Actinobacteria -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Actinobacteria -- 1.3 Origin and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria -- 1.4 Isolation and Identification of Marine Actinobacteria -- 1.5 Indigenous Marine Actinobacteria -- 1.6 Role of Actinobacteria in the Marine Environment -- 1.7 Importance of Marine Actinobacteria -- 1.7.1 Antibiotics -- 1.7.2 Melanins -- 1.7.3 Enzymes -- 1.7.3.1 α-Amylase -- 1.7.3.2 Proteases -- 1.7.3.3 Cellulases -- 1.7.3.4 Chitinase -- 1.7.3.5 Keratinase -- 1.7.3.6 Xylanases -- 1.7.4 Enzyme Inhibitors -- 1.7.5 Anticancer Compounds -- 1.8 Symbioses -- 1.9 Bioinformatics -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Treasure Hunting for Useful Microorganisms in the Marine Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Microorganisms Living in the Marine Environment -- 2.2.1 Protease Inhibitor Produced by Marine Bacterium -- 2.2.2 Chitinase Inhibitor Produced by Marine Bacterium -- 2.2.3 Antibiotics Produced by Marine Bacteria -- 2.2.4 Antibiotics Produced by Marine Actinomycetes -- 2.2.5 Antibiotic Produced by Marine Fungi -- 2.2.6 Tyrosinase Inhibitor Produced by Marine Fungi -- 2.3 Microorganisms Living in Deep Sea Water -- 2.3.1 Isolation and Incubation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Deep Sea Water -- References -- 3 Strategy of Marine Viruses in Global Ecosystem -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Reproductive Strategies of Viruses -- 3.2.1 Lytic Infection -- 3.2.2 Chronic Infection -- 3.2.3 Lysogeny Infection -- 3.3 Abundance of Marine Viruses -- 3.4 Viral Activities in Ecosystems -- 3.4.1 Diversity Regulation -- 3.4.2 Rate of Resistance -- 3.4.3 Lysogeny -- 3.4.4 The Exchange of Genetic Material -- 3.5 Recent Advancement of Viruses versus Diseases.

3.6 The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Marine Viruses -- 3.7 Further Aspects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Taxonomic Study of Antibiotic-Producing Marine Actinobacteria -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area and Sampling -- 4.2.2 Isolation of Actinomycetes -- 4.2.3 Screening for Antimicrobial Activity -- 4.2.4 Identification and Systematics -- 4.2.4.1 Phenotypic Characterization -- 4.2.4.2 Physiological and Biochemical Characterization -- 4.2.4.3 Chemotaxonomical Characterization -- 4.3 Result -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Marine Cyanobacteria: A Prolific Source of Bioactive Natural Products as Drug Leads -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Marine Cyanobacteria -- 5.2.1 Anticancer Agents -- 5.2.1.1 Microtubule-Interfering Compounds -- 5.2.1.2 Actin-Stabilizing Agents -- 5.2.1.3 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors -- 5.2.1.4 p53/MDM2 Inhibitor -- 5.2.1.5 Proteasome Inhibitors -- 5.2.1.6 Protease Inhibitors -- 5.2.1.7 Apoptosis-Inducing Agents -- 5.2.1.8 Other Potent Cytotoxic Compounds -- 5.2.2 Neuromodulating Agents -- 5.2.3 Modulators of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Calcium Oscillation -- 5.2.4 Cannabinomimetic Agents -- 5.2.5 Anti-Infective Agents -- 5.2.5.1 Antiprotozoal Agents -- 5.2.5.2 Antimycobacterial Agents -- 5.2.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory Agents -- 5.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Marine Bacteria Are an Attractive Source to Overcome the Problems of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics -- 6.1.2 Prevalence of MRSA -- 6.2 Strategies for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria -- 6.2.1 Synthesis of New Chemical Entities -- 6.2.2 Screening NCEs for New Antibiotics.

6.2.3 Synergistic Effect of Combination of Commercial Antibiotics -- 6.2.4 The Genomics Revolution -- 6.2.5 Bacteriophages -- 6.2.6 Marine Bacteria Producing an Antibacterial Substance -- 6.3 Marine Bacteria Are Attractive Natural Sources for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of MRSA -- 6.3.1 Isolation of an Anti-MRSA Substance from Marine Bacteria -- 6.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of 1-Acetyl-β-Carboline -- 6.3.3 Combination Effect of 1-Acetyl-β-Carboline and β-Lactams against MRSA -- References -- 7 Marine Bacteria as Probiotics and Their Applications in Aquaculture -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Definition of Probiotics in Aquaculture -- 7.3 Selecting and Developing Probiotics in Aquaculture -- 7.4 Effects of Probiotics on Aquatic Organisms -- 7.4.1 Possible Mode of Action -- 7.4.1.1 Competitive Exclusion -- 7.4.1.2 Antagonisms -- 7.4.1.3 Probiotics as Immune Stimulants -- 7.4.1.4 Antiviral Effects -- 7.4.1.5 Digestive Process -- 7.4.1.6 Adhesion -- 7.5 Probiotics in the Larviculture -- 7.5.1 Probiotics in the Larviculture of Mollusks -- 7.5.2 Probiotics in the Larviculture of Crustaceans -- 7.5.3 Probiotics in the Larviculture of Finfish -- 7.5.3.1 Probiotics in Fish Juvenile and Adults -- 7.6 Problems Associated with Probiotics Development -- 7.7 Further Work and Conclusions -- References -- 8 Small-Molecule Antibiotics from Marine Bacteria and Strategies to Prevent Rediscovery of Known Compounds -- 8.1 Antibiotic Activity of Marine Bacteria -- 8.2 Structurally Elucidated Marine Bacterial Antibiotics -- 8.2.1 Actinobacteria -- 8.2.2 Pseudoalteromonas spp. -- 8.2.3 Vibrionaceae -- 8.2.4 Antibiotic Compounds from Other Phylogenetic Groups -- 8.2.4.1 Firmicutes -- 8.2.4.2 Roseobacter clade -- 8.2.4.3 Pseudomonas spp. -- 8.2.4.4 Cyanobacteria -- 8.3 Cosmopolitan Antibiotics: the Rediscovery Problem.

8.4 Future Strategies for the Discovery of Marine Bacterial Antibiotics -- 8.4.1 Accessing Novel Marine Bacterial Natural Products through Improved Cultivation and Sampling Approaches -- 8.4.2 Eliciting Production of Antibiotics by Activating "Silent" Biosynthetic Pathways -- 8.4.3 Genome-Based Natural Product Research -- 8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 9 Marine Bacteriophages for the Biocontrol of Fish and Shellfish Diseases -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mode of Action of Phages -- 9.3 Diversity of Marine Phages -- 9.4 Application of Marine Phages to Control Fish and Shellfish Diseases -- 9.5 Potentials and Limitations of Phage Therapy in Marine Fish and Shellfish -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 10 Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Pharmaceutically Important Compounds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Therapeutics -- 10.3 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antibacterials -- 10.4 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antitumors/ Antiproliferative -- 10.5 Marine Actinomycete Enzymes as Antiproliferatives -- 10.6 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antimalarials -- 10.7 Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antifungals -- 10.8 Bioactive Compounds from Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes -- 10.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Antimicrobial Agents from Marine Cyanobacteria and Actinomycetes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Antimicrobials from Marine Actinomycetes -- 11.2.1 Antibacterial Activity -- 11.2.2 Antifungal Activity -- 11.2.3 Antiviral Activity -- 11.3 Antimicrobials from Marine Cyanobacteria -- 11.3.1 Antibacterial Activity -- 11.3.2 Antifungal Activity -- 11.3.3 Antiviral Activity -- 11.4 Current Research Status: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Actinomycetes.

12.3 Diversity and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria -- 12.4 Bioactive Compounds -- 12.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 13 Fungal Bioactive Gene Clusters: A Molecular Insight -- 13.1 Introduction to Fungal Secondary Metabolites -- 13.2 Polyketide Synthase -- 13.2.1 Classification of Fungal PKS -- 13.2.1.1 Nonreducing PKSs -- 13.2.1.2 Partially Reducing PKSs -- 13.2.1.3 Highly Reducing PKSs -- 13.3 Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase -- 13.4 PKS and NRPS Products -- 13.4.1 Fungal PKS Products: Aflatoxin and Fusarin -- 13.4.2 Fungal NRPS Products: Penicillin/Cephalosporin and Diketopiperazine -- 13.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Anticancer Potentials of Marine-Derived Fungal Metabolites -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Marine Fungi -- 14.3 Cancer: Initiation, Progression, and Therapeutics -- 14.4 Anticancer Metabolites of Marine Fungal Origin -- 14.4.1 Cytotoxic and Antitumor Compounds -- 14.4.2 Apoptosis Inducing Metabolites -- 14.4.3 Antimetastasis Compounds -- 14.4.4 Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Compounds -- 14.5 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Antifungal and Antimycotoxin Activities of Marine Actinomycetes and Their Compounds -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Diversity of Actinomycetes in the Sea -- 15.2.1 Free-Living Marine Actinomycetes -- 15.2.2 Organisms-Associated Marine Actinomycetes -- 15.3 Diversity of Natural Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes -- 15.3.1 Aminoglycosides -- 15.3.2 Macrolides -- 15.3.3 Polyketides -- 15.3.4 Enzymes and Proteins -- 15.3.5 Other Substances -- 15.4 Biological Activities -- 15.4.1 Antifungal Activities Against Clinical and Human Pathogens -- 15.4.2 Antifungal Activities Against Plant Fungal Pathogens -- 15.4.3 Antimycotoxin Activities -- 15.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Antituberculosis Materials from Marine Microbes.

16.1 Introduction.