Cover -- Acknowledgements V -- Table of Content VI -- Introduction1 -- Part 1: Setting the Field 7 -- I. The Reform's Initiation and First Analysis 9 -- I.1. The Arrival on the Reform Agenda 9 -- I.1.1. European Movements 9 -- I.1.2. National and Institutional Agenda Setting 16 -- I.2. Doctoral Education in Higher Education Studies 18 -- I.2.1. Issues in Scientific Literature 18 -- I.2.2. The Steering of Doctoral Educationand Doctoral Schools 25 -- II. Research Design, Methodology, Collected Dataand Data Treatment 29 -- II.1. How is a European Trend Focussing on Governanceto be Studied? 29 -- II.1.1. Structured Doctoral Education in Europe:A Multilevel Issue 30 -- II.1.2. Research Objectives and Choice of Methods 30 -- II.1.3. Theoretical and Practical Aspects in the Selectionof Case Studies 32 -- II.1.4. Concrete Realisation 40 -- II.1.5. Doctoral Education and University Governance 41 -- II.1.6. Discussion of Choices 43 -- II.2. Collected Data and their Treatment 46 -- III. Theoretical framework 51 -- III.1. Arguments for the Theoretical Framework's Choice 51 -- III.2. Three Public Management Narratives 54 -- III.2.1. New Public Management 55 -- III.2.2. Network Governance 59 -- III.2.3. Neo-Weberian-State 60 -- III.2.4. The Relationship between the Narratives andConsiderations of their Use 62 -- III.3. Norwegian and Swiss Higher Educationand the Narratives 65 -- III.4. Redefining the Actors' Framework 67 -- Part 2: Empirical Results 71 -- IV. Doctoral Education in Switzerland and Norway 73 -- IV.1. Reforms and Issues of Reform 73 -- IV.1.1. Fostering the New Generation of Academics 74 -- IV.1.2. The Norwegian Doctorate: From an HonoraryTitle to an Asset for Society 76 -- IV.1.3. The Confederation's Reinforced Interventions 79 -- IV.1.4. The Evaluation of Norwegian DoctoralEducation: Towards a Network Model? 82 -- IV.2. The Legal Framework 86.

IV.3. The Quantitative Framework 89 -- IV.4. Wider Implications for Higher Education Institutions and Systems 98 -- V. Doctoral Schools in Biology 103 -- V.1. PhD Programme Biomolecular Structure and Mechanism 103 -- V.1.1. Building a Training Hot Spot in Life Sciences 104 -- V.1.2. Three Types of Management Instruments 109 -- V.1.3. A Federal System 113 -- V.1.4. Network Managerialism and a breeze of the Neo-Weberian-State 118 -- V.1.5. Managerial Power for a redefined "College" of Academics 121 -- V.2. Molecular and Computational Biology Research School 123 -- V.2.1. Establishing an Interdisciplinary Research School 123 -- V.2.2. Top-Down Requirements and Bottom Means 127 -- V.2.3. Appropriation through the Academic Profession 130 -- V.2.4. Network Governance constrained by New PublicManagement 135 -- V.2.5. Informal Implementation vs. National and Institutional Managerialism 138 -- VI. Doctoral Schools in Materials Science 141 -- VI.1. PhD Programme in Materials Science and Engineering 141 -- VI.1.1. From the German to a more Anglo-SaxonDoctoral Education Model 141 -- VI.1.2. A Comprehensive Group of Governance Instruments 146 -- VI.1.3. Top-Down Decision, Collegial Implementation 150 -- VI.1.4. Close to the New Public Management Ideal-Type 154 -- VI.1.5. Institutional Managerialism Focussing on Doctoral Education 158 -- VI.2. FUNMAT Research School 159 -- VI.2.1. A Hesitant Reform 160 -- VI.2.2. Limited Steering Instruments 164 -- VI.2.3. An Unstable Actors' Constellation 168 -- VI.2.4. An Independent Network Surrounded by aRestricting Institutional Environment 171 -- VI.2.5. A Formal but Non-materialised Reform 174 -- VII. Interdisciplinary Doctoral Schools in Humanities 175 -- VII.1. Pro*Doc Aesthetics of Intermediality.Play - Ritual - Performance 175 -- VII.1.1. Systematisation of Doctoral Training and Scientific Exchange 176.

VII.1.2. A National Instrument of Governance 179 -- VII.1.3. Multilevel Decision Taking 181 -- VII.1.4. An Imperfect Case of the Neo-Weberian-State Narrative 186 -- VII.1.5. An interdisciplinary College Empowered by the Research Council 193 -- VII.2. National Research School "Text, Image, Sound, Space" 195 -- VII.2.1. Establishment and Decentralisation of aNational Research School 195 -- VII.2.2. A Series of Institutional Instruments of Management 200 -- VII.2.3. A Bottom-Up Movement 204 -- VII.2.4. A Case of Network Governance 207 -- VII.2.5. A Specialised National College of Academics 211 -- VIII. Doctoral Schools in Finance 213 -- VIII.1. Swiss Finance Institute PhD Programme 213 -- VIII.1.1. Building a Network Doctoral School in Finance 214 -- VIII.1.2. Institutionally Varying Instruments of Governance 217 -- VIII.1.3. A Strong Academic Profession Sustained by the Banking Industry 220 -- VIII.1.4. An Actively Managing Network Profession 226 -- VIII.1.5. An Empowered College Boosts its Scientific Field 229 -- VIII.2. PhD programme in Finance at NHH 230 -- VIII.2.1. Internationalisation and Integration 230 -- VIII.2.2. Reinforcing and Novel Instruments 233 -- VIII.2.3. A Bottom-Up and Top-Down Initiative 236 -- VIII.2.4. New Public Management dominating Neo-Weberian-State 240 -- VIII.2.5. Doctoral students in the Eye of the Multi-level Management Storm 243 -- Part 3: Transversal Analysis 245 -- IX. Comparing Public Management Stories and Reforms 247 -- IX.1. Triggers and Obstacles of the Swiss and Norwegian Doctoral School Movement 247 -- IX.2. University Governance: General Trends and Patterns 251 -- IX.2.1. Dislocation of Power Towards Partly Redefined Colleges 251 -- IX.2.2. Types of University Governance: A Matter of National Political Systems, Institutional Profiles and Disciplines 255.

IX.3. Issues of Reforms in a Comparative Perspective 267 -- IX.3.1. Reform Issues and Comparison with Political Debates at European Level 267 -- IX.3.2. Comparing Identified Reform Issues Between CaseStudies 272 -- IX.4. Relating Governance Patterns and Reforms 277 -- IX.5. Implications for Academic Work 280 -- X. Recruiting on the International Doctoral Students' Market: Unequal Attitudes and Resources 283 -- X.1. The International Doctoral Students' Market under Development 283 -- X.2. Arguments for "Local" and National Recruitments 285 -- X.3. Systemic Recruitment Mechanisms and the Degree of Internationality 288 -- X.4. Resources for International Recruitments 294 -- X.5. Recruitment Resource Pools as Promoters ofInternationalisation 298 -- X.6. Summary 301 -- XI. Conclusions 303 -- Bibliography 311 -- List of Acronyms 333.