Title Page -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Green Carbon -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Green Carbon Materials -- 1.3 Brief History of Hydrothermal Carbons -- References -- Chapter 2: Porous Hydrothermal Carbons -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Templating - An Opportunity for Pore Morphology Control -- 2.3 Carbon Aerogels -- 2.4 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3: Porous Biomass-Derived Carbons: Activated Carbons -- 3.1 Introduction to Activated Carbons -- 3.2 Chemical Activation of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 3.3 Activated Carbons from Hydrothermally Carbonized Organic Materials and Biomass -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Hydrothermally Synthesized Carbonaceous Nanocomposites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Unique Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 4.3 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Chemical Modification of Hydrothermal Carbon Materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ Doping of Hydrothermal Carbons -- 5.3 Postmodification of Carbonaceous Materials -- References -- Chapter 6: Characterization of Hydrothermal Carbonization Materials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Morphology of Hydrothermal Carbon Materials -- 6.3 Elemental Composition and Yields -- 6.4 FTIR -- 6.5 XPS: Surface Groups -- 6.6 Zeta Potential: Surface Charge -- 6.7 XRD: Degree of Structural Order -- 6.8 Thermal Analysis -- 6.9 Structure Elucidation of Carbon Materials Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy -- 6.10 Porosity Analysis of Hydrothermal Carbons -- References -- Chapter 7: Applications of Hydrothermal Carbon in Modern Nanotechnology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy Storage -- 7.3 Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells -- 7.4 Photocatalysis -- 7.5 Gas Storage -- 7.6 Adsorption of Pollutants from Water -- 7.7 HTC-Derived Materials in Sensor Applications.

7.8 Bioapplications -- 7.9 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8: Environmental Applications of Hydrothermal Carbonization Technology: Biochar Production, Carbon Sequestration, and Waste Conversion -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Waste Conversion to Useful Products -- 8.3 Soil Application -- 8.4 HTC Technology: Commercial Status and Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 9: Scale-Up in Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Aspects of Process Development and Upscaling -- 9.3 Risks of Scaling-Up -- 9.4 Lab-Scale Experiments -- 9.5 Praxis Report -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.