Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Emerging EpidemicsManagement and Control -- Chapter 1 Prologue -- Introduction -- Causative Factors -- The Epidemiologic Triangle or Triad: Agent, Host, and Environment -- An Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors -- Salient Features -- Emerging Epidemics -- Bacterial Agents -- Viral Agents -- Re-Emerging Epidemics -- Bacterial Diseases -- Viral Diseases -- Antimicrobial Resistance -- Public Health Implications -- References -- Chapter 2 Epidemics Fundamentals -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Declaring an Epidemic -- Control of a Disease -- Types of Epidemics -- Point-Source Epidemics (Single-Exposure Epidemics) -- Propagated Epidemics (Continuous- or Multiple-Exposure Epidemics) -- Seasonal Cyclicity of Epidemics -- Secular Cyclicity of Epidemics -- Epidemics of Noncommunicable Diseases -- Epidemiological Triad -- Agent Factors -- Host Factors -- Environmental Factors -- Forecasting an Epidemic -- Surveillance Data -- Data from Health-Care System -- Forecasting Techniques -- Contingency Plan -- Manpower -- Money -- Materials -- Transport -- Hospitals and Health Facilities -- Media -- Laboratory Support -- Investigation of Epidemics -- Verification of Initial Reports -- Steps for Case Definition -- Formulating a Working Hypothesis -- Field Investigation and Case Finding -- Laboratory Investigations -- Detecting Source or Reservoir of Infection -- Contact Tracing -- Labeling and Information -- Storage and Transportation of Specimens -- Data Analysis -- Management of Epidemics -- Control of Epidemics -- Control of Reservoir or Source of Infection -- Interrupting Transmission -- Protecting Susceptible Population -- Principles of Planning Emergency Services -- Policies and Protocols -- Classification of Emergency Facilities -- Coordination.

Mobilization of Resources -- Quality of Emergency Services -- References -- Chapter 3 Disasters and Epidemics -- Fundamentals -- Contributory Factors -- Investigation of Rumors -- References -- Chapter 4 Biosafety -- Introduction -- Components -- Risk Assessment -- Laboratory Safety Management -- Biohazard Guidelines -- Laboratory Biosecurity -- Biological Laboratory Emergencies -- Hand Washing -- Preventing Needlestick Injuries -- Safe Transport of Biological Material -- Triple Packaging System -- Transport Regulations -- Safe Decontamination of Spills -- Composition of a Basic Spill Kit -- Blood Spills -- Spill in a Biological Safety Cabinet -- Spill of a Biohazardous Radioactive Material -- Safe Handling of Dead Bodies -- Personal Protective Equipment -- Management of Biomedical Waste -- Collection and Transport -- Infection Control Check List -- Biosafety Levels -- Biosafety Level-1 -- Biosafety Level-2 -- Biosafety Level-3 -- Biosafety Level-4 -- Accreditation of Hospitals and Laboratories -- References -- Chapter 5 Tuberculosis -- History -- Ancient Times -- The Dark Ages: 400-1400 A.D. -- 1400-1800 -- 1800s and early 1900s -- Treatments in the Past -- Advent of Antitubercular Drugs -- Magnitude -- Global Situation -- Asia -- Agent Factors -- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex -- Host Factors and High-Risk Groups -- Age -- Gender -- Ethnic Factors -- Occupation -- Presence of Concomitant Conditions -- Immunity -- Malnutrition -- High-Risk Groups -- Environmental Factors -- Sources of Infection -- Reservoir of Infection -- Modes of Transmission -- Incubation Period -- Period of Communicability -- Pathology and Immunology -- Primary Infection -- Immunopathology of Primary Infection -- Postprimary Tuberculosis -- Immunopathology of Postprimary Tuberculosis -- Outcome and Complications of Postprimary Tuberculosis -- Immune Response in Tuberculosis.

Clinical Manifestations -- Pulmonary Tuberculosis -- Tuberculous Lymphadenitis -- Abdominal Tuberculosis -- Tuberculous Meningitis -- Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints -- Tuberculosis of the Eye -- Skin Tuberculosis -- Male Genital Tract -- Female Genital Tract -- Kidneys and Urinary Bladder -- Diagnosis of Tuberculosis -- History and Suggestive Symptoms -- Sputum Microscopy -- Tuberculin Test -- Chest X-Ray -- Culture Methods -- Drug-Sensitivity Tests -- Newer Diagnostic Techniques -- Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (Dots) -- Basis of Intermittent Therapy -- Prerequisites for Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Monitoring Drug Administration -- Patient Education -- Counseling -- Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course for HIV-Tuberculosis Coinfection -- Case Definitions -- Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course for Adults -- Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course for Children -- Tuberculosis and HIV -- Pulmonary Tuberculosis -- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis -- Childhood Tuberculosis -- Antiretroviral Therapy in Coinfection -- Difficulties in Treating Coinfection -- Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis -- Definitions -- Magnitude of Drug Resistance -- Etiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis -- Laboratory Tests for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis -- Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis -- Prevention and control -- Case Finding -- Case Holding -- Information, Education, and Communication -- Screening of Contacts -- Immunotherapy -- Disinfection -- Social and Cultural Factors -- Socioeconomic Factors -- Ethical Aspects and Human Rights -- Cultural Factors -- Involving Private Medical Practitioners -- General Measures -- Organizations Associated with Tuberculosis -- Role of Voluntary Organizations -- Low Priority to Childhood Tuberculosis -- Inadequate Health Education -- Poverty -- References -- Chapter 6 Plague.

History of Plague -- Magnitude -- Global -- India -- Agent Factors -- Classification -- Morphology and Cultural Characterists -- Antigenic Structure -- Host Factors -- Age and Sex -- Risk Groups -- Risk Factors -- Environmental Factors -- Reservoir -- Mode of Transmission -- Biological Transmission -- Mechanical Transmission -- Others -- Clinical Manifestations -- Bubonic Plague -- Septicemic Plague -- Pneumonic Plague -- Laboratory Diagnosis -- Specimens for Laboratory Diagnosis -- Methods for Laboratory Diagnosis -- Differential Diagnosis -- Bubonic Plague -- Septicemic Plague -- Pneumonic Plague -- Clinical Management -- Prevention and Control -- Environmental Sanitation -- Public Health Education -- Prophylactic (Preventive) Antibiotics -- References -- Chapter 7 Leptospirosis -- Introduction -- Magnitude -- Global -- India -- Agent Factors -- Serological Classification -- Species Classification -- Host Factors -- Natural Maintenance Hosts -- Accidental or Incidental Hosts -- Animal Reservoir -- Human Infection -- Environmental Factors -- Mode of Transmission -- Pathology and Immunology -- Clinical Manifestations -- Spectrum of Manifestations -- First Phase of Illness -- Second Phase of Illness -- Recovery and Late Sequel -- Fatality -- Differential Diagnosis -- Laboratory Diagnosis -- Importance of Laboratory Diagnosis -- Suggestive Biochemical Parameters -- Specimens for Laboratory Diagnosis -- Methods for Laboratory Diagnosis -- Clinical Management -- At Primary Care Level -- At Secondary Care Level -- At Tertiary Care Level -- Surveillance -- Epidemiological Surveillance -- Serological Surveillance -- Surveillance Using Culture Methods -- Investigation of an Outbreak -- Investigation to Define the Case -- Case Finding -- Prevention and Control -- Control of Source of Infection -- Interruption of Chain of Transmission -- References.

Chapter 8 Dengue -- Introduction -- Magnitude -- Global Situation -- India -- Agent Factors -- The Dengue Virus Structure -- The Life Cycle of Dengue Virus -- Host Factors -- Age -- Sex -- Ethnic Groups -- Occupation -- Nutritional Status -- Immunity -- Increased Travel and Trade -- Presence of Noncommunicable Diseases -- History of Flavivirus Infection -- Environmental Factors -- Seasonal Distribution -- Risk Factors -- Reservoir -- Mode of Transmission -- Vector Biology -- Vector Species -- Breeding Places -- Biting Time -- Resting Habits -- Displacement -- Life History of Aedes Mosquito -- Clinical Features -- Spectrum of Clinical Manifestations -- Unusual Manifestations of Dengue Fever or Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever -- Dengue Fever -- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever -- Dengue Shock Syndrome -- Laboratory Diagnosis -- Sample Collection -- Labeling and Transport of Blood Samples -- Laboratory Tests -- Immune Response to Dengue Virus -- Innate Immune Response -- Specific Immune Response -- Clinical Management -- Management of Dengue Fever -- Management of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever -- Management of Dengue Shock Syndrome -- Investigation of Outbreaks -- Fundamentals -- Investigation to Define the Case -- Early Application of Control Measures -- Surveillance -- Prevention and Control -- Preventive Measures -- Information, Education, and Communication -- Community Participation -- Intersectoral Coordination -- Legal Measures -- Potential Vaccine against Dengue -- References -- Chapter 9 Japanese Encephalitis -- History -- Magnitude of the Problem -- Asia -- India -- Epidemiology -- Agent Factors -- Environmental Factors -- Host Factors -- Reservoir -- Transmission -- Vector Biology -- Life Cycle of Mosquitoes -- Clinical Features -- Case Definitions -- Differential Diagnosis -- Laboratory Diagnosis -- Specimens -- Serological Diagnosis -- Isolation of Virus.

Detection of Viral Antigen or Viral RNA.