Enemies of Mankind -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Abstract -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Vattel's Life -- PART ONE: ENEMIES OF MANKIND OUTSIDE EUROPE -- 1. Pirates and Robber Nations -- Vattel on Heinous Crimes and the Preservation of Human Society -- Cicero's Invention of a Common Enemy of All -- From Common Enemies of All to Enemies of Mankind -- The Dichotomy of Piracy and Privateering and Its Problematic Implementation -- Vattel on the Law of Piracy -- Barbary Corsairs -- 2. The Barbary Issue in Early-Modern Legal Doctrine -- Bodin and the Sovereignty Argument -- Manipulating Universal Enmity: Gentili -- Grotius and the Recovery of the 'Ancient Law of Nations' -- Belligerent Equality and Its Collateral Effects: Pufendorf -- Revisiting the Grotian Paradigm: Heinrich and Samuel von Cocceji -- The Pragmatic Legalisation of Barbary Warfare: Bynkershoek -- The International Legal Pluralism of the Laws of War -- 3. Universalising the European Law of Nations: Vattel's Rejection of the International Legal Pluralism of the Laws of War -- Vattel's Four Requirements for Lawful Warfare -- Repressing International Deviance to Perpetuate Moderate Eighteenth Century Warfare -- Vattel's Criminalisation of Barbary Warfare in Opposition to the Pluralists -- Custom versus Reason: Vattel on the Legal Effects of Barbary Warfare -- Harsh Punishment for 'Uncivilised' International Offenders -- PART TWO: ENEMIES OF MANKIND WITHIN EUROPE -- 4. Guilty Sovereigns: Warmongers and Violators of the Laws of War -- From Barbary to Europe -- The Collective Security System of the Holy Roman Empire -- The Issue of Security in Pufendorf's Critique of the Holy Roman Empire -- Frederick II of Prussia as a Notorious Warmonger -- The Reichsexekution against Frederick II.

Vattel's Letter of Protest against the Invasion of Saxony -- Vattel's Conception of Individual Responsibility for International Crimes, and Its Limitations -- Warmongers and Collective Security according to Wolff and Vattel -- The Laws of War in the Droit des gens -- Compliance with the Laws of War in the Eighteenth Century -- The Status of the Laws of War in the Pre-Vattelian Doctrine -- Novelty of Vattel's Approach to the Laws of War -- Civilised Warfare and Its Enemies -- 5. Disturbers of the Balance of Power -- Law and Politics in Vattel's Conception of the Balance of Power -- Leibniz's Attack on Louis XIV as the Disturber of the European Equilibrium -- The Critique of the Balance of Power Theory in Wolff's Jus gentium -- Wolff's Doctrine of Just War and Collective Security -- Vattel on the Balance of Power and Collective Security -- Treaties and Treaty Breakers -- 6. Tyrants -- Tyranny as a Legal Issue: The Bartolian Paradigm and Its Re-elaboration in the Vindiciae contra tyrannos -- Vattel on Tyranny -- The Tyrant as an Enemy of Mankind and the Right of Resistance -- Vattel's Assimilation of Civil War with International Armed Conflict -- Hobbes on Tyrants and Rebels as Equal Warring Parties -- Vattel's View of Civil War as a Matter of Effectiveness -- Humanity, Security, and the Right of Intervention -- Conclusion -- Collective Security and the Necessity of International Law Enforcement -- Pluralism, Universality, and Natural Law -- Bibliography -- Name Index -- Subject Index.