Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Contributors -- 1 Catalytic Batteries -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Metal-Air Batteries -- 1.2.1 Catalytic Materials in Metal-Air Cells -- 1.2.2 Aluminum-Air Batteries -- 1.2.3 Lithium-Air Batteries -- 1.2.4 Magnesium-Air Batteries -- 1.2.5 Zinc-Air Batteries -- 1.3 Environmental Conditions for Catalysts -- 1.4 Safety Concerns for Metal-Air Battery Experimentation -- 1.5 Future of Catalysts in Metal-Air Batteries -- References -- 2 A Novel Enzymatic Technology for Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from Biogas -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Experimental -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Effect of Enzyme Concentration -- 2.3.2 Effect of Gas Flow Rate -- 2.3.3 Effect of Enzyme Replenishment -- 2.3.3.1 Replenishment at Saturation Point -- 2.3.3.2 Replenishment at H2S Breakthrough -- 2.3.4 Effect of Packing Material -- 2.3.5 Sulfur Components Recovery -- 2.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Electrocatalysts for the ­Electrooxidation of Ethanol -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrooxidation of Ethanol on Polycrystalline Pt, Pt (hkl) Electrodes and Pt/C Electrodes. Identification and Oxidation of Ethanol Adsorbate(s) -- 3.2.1 Electrochemical Studies of the Electrooxidation of Ethanol in Acid Medium -- 3.2.2 Identification of Ethanol Adsorbate and Oxidation Products by EC-FTIR and DEMS on Polycrystalline Pt and Pt/C Electrodes -- 3.2.3 Adsorption and Electrooxidation of Acetic Acid -- 3.2.4 Adsorption and Electrooxidation of Acetaldehyde -- 3.3 Reaction Pathways and Mechanism of the Electrooxidation of Ethanol -- 3.4 Designing of Supported Electrocatalysts for the Electrooxidation of Ethanol -- 3.5 Fuel Cell Studies -- 3.6 Summary -- Acronyms and Symbols -- References -- 4 Catalytic Processes Using Fuel Cells, Catalytic Batteries, and Hydrogen Storage Materials -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Catalytic Processes in Fuel Cells -- 4.2.1 Low-Temperature PEMFCs -- 4.2.1.1 Hydrogen/Air(Oxygen) Fuel Cells -- 4.2.1.1.1 Precious Metal-Based Catalysts -- 4.2.1.1.2 Non-Precious Metal Catalysts -- 4.2.1.2 Catalytic Processes in DMFCs -- 4.2.1.2.1 Mechanism of Methanol Electrooxidation -- 4.2.1.2.2 Precious Metal-Based Catalysts -- 4.2.1.2.3 Non-Precious Metal Catalysts for Methanol Electrooxidation -- 4.2.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- 4.2.2.1 Methane Steam Reforming -- 4.3 Catalytic Processes in Batteries -- 4.3.1 Metal/Air Batteries -- 4.3.1.1 Aqueous Electrolyte Metal/Air Batteries -- 4.3.1.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Li-Air Batteries -- 4.3.2 Li-Water Batteries -- 4.4 Catalytic Processes in Hydrogen Storage Materials -- 4.4.1 Catalysis in Metal Hydrides -- 4.4.2 Catalysts in Metal Organic Frameworks -- 4.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Hydrogen Storage Materials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Essential Properties of Hydrogen in Metals -- 5.2.1 Thermodynamics -- 5.2.2 Kinetics of Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption -- 5.3 Hydride -- 5.3.1 Ionic Hydride -- 5.3.2 Covalent Hydride -- 5.3.3 Metallic Hydride (Interstitial Hydride) -- 5.4 Hydrogen Storage Materials -- 5.4.1 Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys -- 5.4.2 Materials Composed of Light Elements -- 5.4.2.1 Complex Hydride -- 5.4.2.1.1 Amide -- 5.4.2.1.2 Borohydride -- 5.4.2.1.3 Alanate -- 5.4.2.2 Ammonia Borane -- 5.4.2.3 Hydrides Based on Layer-Structural Materials -- 5.4.2.3.1 Mechanical Milled Graphite Under H2 Pressure -- 5.4.2.3.2 Mechanical Milled hBN Under H2 Pressure -- 5.4.2.4 Hydrolysis Reaction of Hydrides with Light Elements -- 5.4.2.4.1 Binary Hydrides -- 5.4.2.4.2 Alanates -- 5.4.2.4.3 Borohydrides -- 5.4.2.5 Nano-Composite Materials with Light Elements -- 5.4.2.5.1 Mg-based Nano-composite Material -- 5.4.2.5.2 Metal-Nitrogen-Hydrogen (M-N-H) systems.

5.4.2.5.3 Metal-Boron-Hydrogen (M-B-H) systems -- 5.4.2.5.4 Metal-Boron-Nitrogen-Hydrogen (M-B-N-H) systems -- 5.4.2.5.5 Al-Based Nano-Composite Materials -- 5.4.2.5.6 Metal-Aluminum-Nitrogen-Hydrogen (M-Al-N-H) systems -- 5.4.2.5.7 Metal-Carbon-Hydrogen (M-C-H) systems -- 5.4.2.5.8 NH3-Hydride System -- 5.4.2.5.9 Ammonia Borane-Hydride System -- 5.4.2.5.10 Lithium Hydrazide -- 5.5 Porous Carbon Materials -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Nanostructured Adsorbents for Hydrogen Storage -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Carbon Adsorbents -- 6.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 6.2.2 Graphene -- 6.2.3 Graphite and Graphite Nanofiber -- 6.2.4 Activated Carbons (ACs) -- 6.2.5 Templated Carbons (TCs) -- 6.2.6 Factors Influencing Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Sorbents -- 6.2.6.1 Surface Area/Pore Volume -- 6.2.6.2 Pore Size -- 6.2.6.3 Dopants -- 6.2.6.4 Hydrogen Spillover -- 6.2.6.5 Boron-Substitution -- 6.2.6.6 Nitrogen-Substitution -- 6.2.6.7 Oxidation Treatment -- 6.3 MOFs, COFs, and ZIFs Sorbents -- 6.3.1 MOFs -- 6.3.2 COFs -- 6.3.3 ZIFs -- 6.3.4 Factors Influencing Hydrogen Storage in MOFs, COFs, and ZIFs -- 6.3.4.1 Surface Area/Pore Volume -- 6.3.4.2 Pore Size -- 6.3.4.3 Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Sites -- 6.3.4.4 Alkali-Metal Dopants -- 6.3.4.5 Hydrogen Spillover -- 6.4 Zeolites -- 6.5 Silicas -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- 7 Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Catalyst in Hydrogen Generation from the Boron-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Preparation and Stabilization of Transition Metal Nanoparticles -- 7.3 Transition Metal Nanoparticles Catalyst in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride -- 7.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles Catalysts in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane.

7.5 Transition Metal Nanoparticles Catalysts in Hydrogen Generation from the Methanolysis of Ammonia Borane -- 7.6 Transition Metal(0) Nanoparticles as Catalyst in the Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane -- 7.7 Transition Metal(0) Nanoparticles as Catalyst in the Dehydrogenation of Dimethylamine Borane -- 7.8 Transition Metal(0) Nanoparticles as Catalyst in The Dehydrogenation of Hydrazine Borane -- 7.9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Challenges in the Assembly of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Regenerative Fuel Cells using Pt/C, Iridium Black, and IrO2 Catalysts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Experimental Methods -- 8.2.1 Materials -- 8.2.1.1 Gas Diffusion Layer -- 8.2.1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 8.2.1.3 Catalysts -- 8.2.1.4 Inks -- 8.2.2 Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 8.2.3 Assembly of the SPE and Testing Module -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Characterization of Homemade Iridium Oxide Catalyst -- 8.3.2 SPE Performance -- 8.3.2.1 Effect of the Change in the Hydrophobic Properties of the GDL -- 8.3.2.2 Effect of Catalyst Loading -- 8.3.2.3 MEA Replicability and Durability -- 8.3.2.4 Unsupported Anode Catalysts I: Homemade Iridium Oxide -- 8.3.2.5 Use of Unsupported Anode Catalysts (Iridium Black) and the Effect of Water Flow Rate and Water Purity -- 8.3.2.6 Use of Unsupported Anode Catalysts (Iridium Black): Loading and Temperature Effects -- 8.3.2.7 Use of GEFC® Membranes -- 8.3.2.8 Effects of Different Carbon-Based GDL Components on SPE Performance -- 8.3.2.9 Effect of Non-Carbon (Ti Fibers)-Based GDL on SPE Performance -- 8.3.2.9.1 Stability Tests on MEA 55 and Related MEAs -- 8.3.3 Maximizing Current Density Outputs on MEAs with Unsupported Catalysts -- 8.3.3.1 Assembly Factors and Current Density Relationships -- 8.3.3.2 Re-testing Flow Rate Effects -- 8.3.3.3 Thin Proton Conductive Membrane.

8.3.3.4 Reducing External Ohmic Loses -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Catalysis in Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Production -- 9.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells-Role of Electrocatalysts -- 9.1.1 Role of Anode Electrocatalysts-Methanol Oxidation Reaction (MOR) -- 9.1.2 Role of Cathode Electrocatalysts-Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- 9.2 Characterization Techniques for Anode and Cathode Catalysts -- 9.2.1 Fundamental Aspects -- 9.2.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 9.2.3 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- 9.2.4 Surface and Core Composition in Bimetallic Nanoparticles-An XAS Methodology -- 9.2.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 9.2.6 Reversibility of Hads/des Reaction and Roughness Factor (RF) of Pt-based Catalysts -- 9.2.7 Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECASA) and Particle Size of Pt-based Catalysts -- 9.2.8 Adsorptive CO-Stripping Voltammetry (COads-SV) -- 9.2.9 Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) -- 9.2.10 Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode (RRDE) Method -- 9.2.11 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) -- 9.3 Hydrogen Production-Role of Photocatalysis -- 9.3.1 Basic Principles of Semiconductor Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production -- 9.3.2 Elements Constructing Photocatalyst Materials -- 9.3.3 Wide Band Gab Photocatalyst for Water Splitting Under UV Irradiation -- 9.3.4 Group 4 Metal Oxides with d0 Electronic Configuration -- 9.3.5 Group 5 Metal Oxides with d0 Electronic Configuration -- 9.3.6 Tantalum Oxide and Tantalates -- 9.3.7 Effect of Sacrificial Systems -- 9.3.8 Effect of Metal and Nonmetal Ion Doping -- 9.3.9 Effect of Cocatalyst -- Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Fuel Cell Catalysis from a Materials Perspective -- 10.1 Novel Catalyst Concepts -- 10.1.1 Core-Shell Catalysts -- 10.1.2 Noble Metal-Free Catalysts -- 10.1.3 Shape-Selected Nanoparticles -- 10.2 Alternative Catalyst Supports.

10.2.1 Carbonaceous Support Materials.