Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Contributors -- 1 Catalytic Processes for Activation of CO2 -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Reactions of CO2 with hydrogen -- 1.2.1 Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol -- 1.2.2 Dimethyl Ether Synthesis -- 1.2.3 Formic Acid Synthesis -- 1.2.4 CO2 Hydrogenation to CH4 -- 1.2.5 CO Production via the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction (RWGS) -- 1.2.6 Higher Hydrocarbon Synthesis -- 1.2.7 CO2 Hydrogenation to Higher Alcohols -- 1.3 CO2-assisted reactions -- 1.3.1 CO2 Reforming of Methane -- 1.3.2 CO2 Reforming of Ethanol and Higher Alcohols -- 1.3.3 Oxidative Dehydrogenation in the Presence of CO2 -- 1.4 CO2 insertion reactions -- 1.4.1 Organic Carbonates -- 1.4.2 Carboxylic Acids -- 1.5 Concluding remarks and outlook -- References -- 2 Surface Science Studies of Carbon Dioxide Chemistry -- 2.1 Introduction-why study CO2 adsorption on surfaces? -- 2.2 Metal surfaces -- 2.2.1 Copper -- 2.2.2 Antimony -- 2.2.3 Chromium -- 2.3 Metal oxides -- 2.3.1 TiO2 -- 2.3.2 ZnO -- 2.3.3 CaO -- 2.3.3.1 Why Are Alkaline Earth Oxides Particularly Interesting? -- 2.3.3.2 Co2 Adsorption And Carbonate Formation On CaO Single Crystals -- 2.2.4 CrxOy -- 2.4 Non-metals -- 2.5 Bimetallic systems -- 2.6 Cluster systems -- 2.6.1 Copper Clusters on Zinc Oxide -- 2.6.2 Iron Oxide Clusters on Graphite -- 2.7 Nanostructured catalysts -- 2.8 Theoretical studies -- 2.9 Appendix -- 2.9.1 Standard Adsorption Dynamics Models -- 2.9.2 A Few Surface Science Measuring Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Mechanistic Understanding of Catalytic CO2 Activation from First Principles Theory -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 CO2 activation and hydrogenation on transition metal surface -- 3.2.1 Methanol from CO2 Hydrogenation on Cu Surfaces -- 3.2.2 Methanol from CO2 Hydrogenation on Modified Cu Surfaces.

3.2.3 CO2 Hydrogenation on Ni(1 1 0) and Ni(1 1 1) -- 3.3 CO2 activation and hydrogenation on oxide supports -- 3.4 CO2 activation and hydrogenation on oxide‑supported metal catalysts -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Catalytic Activation and ­Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Fuels/Value-Added ­Chemicals Through C-C Bond Formation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chemical activation of carbon dioxide -- 4.2.1 Coordination Chemistry of CO2 and Metals -- 4.2.1.1 Molecular Geometry and Spectroscopic Properties of CO2 -- 4.2.1.2 Interaction of CO2 with Metals -- 4.2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Stable Complexes of CO2 with Metals -- 4.2.2.1 General Characterization Methods -- 4.2.2.2 Synthesis of Stable CO2-Metal Complexes -- 4.2.2.3 Stable Complexes of CO2 Coordinated to Metals -- 4.2.2.3.1 Coordination via a C O double bond -- 4.2.2.3.2 Coordination via carbon only -- 4.2.2.3.3 Coordination via oxygen only -- 4.2.2.3.4 CO2 as Bridging Ligand -- 4.2.3 Reactivity of Complexes of CO2 with Metals -- 4.2.3.1 C-O Bond Cleavage and Oxygen Transfer -- 4.2.3.2 Reactions with Electrophiles -- 4.2.3.3 Reactions with Nucleophiles -- 4.2.4 Activation of CO2 Using N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and FLPs -- 4.2.4.1 Introduction of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) -- 4.2.4.2 Activation and Transformation of CO2 by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes -- 4.2.4.2.1 NHCs react with CO2 to afford adducts -- 4.2.4.2.2 Transformation of CO2 activated by NHCs -- 4.2.4.3 Activation and Transformation of CO2 by Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) -- 4.3 Construction of C C bond via carboxylation with carbon dioxide -- 4.3.1 Carboxylation of Alkene with Carbon Dioxide -- 4.3.1.1 Carboxylation of Ethene and its Derivatives -- 4.3.1.2 Carboxylation of 1, 3-dienes -- 4.3.1.3 Carboxylation of Allenes -- 4.3.2 Carboxylation of Alkynes with Carbon Dioxide.

4.3.2.1 Carboxylation via Oxidative Cycloaddition -- 4.3.2.2 Carboxylation of Terminal Acetylenic C H Bond -- 4.3.3 Carboxylation of Active Csp3 H and Csp2 H Bond by CO2 -- 4.3.3.1 Base-Promoted Carboxylation -- 4.3.3.2 Lewis Acid-Mediated Carboxylation -- 4.3.4 Carboxylation of C X Bond with Carbon Dioxide -- 4.3.4.1 Carboxylation of C-Cl/Br/I Bond -- 4.3.4.2 Carboxylation of C B Bond -- 4.3.4.3 Carboxylation of C Sn/C Zn Bond -- 4.4 Conclusions and prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Catalytic Transformation of CO2 into Value-Added Organic Chemicals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Synthesis of cyclic carbonate from CO2 -- 5.2.1 Cycloaddition of CO2 to Epoxide -- 5.2.2 Oxydative Carboxylation of Olefin -- 5.2.3 Other Reaction Using CO2 -- 5.3 Synthesis of cyclic urea and cyclic urethane -- 5.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 Application of Carbon Dioxide in Hydrogen Storage: ­Homogeneous Hydrogenation of ­Carbon Dioxide and ­Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide -- 6.2.1 Phosphine Ligands -- 6.2.2 Carbon Ligands -- 6.2.3 Nitrogen Ligands -- 6.3 Dehydrogenation of formic acid for hydrogen release -- 6.4 Proof of concept -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Recent Advances on the Catalysts for Activation of CO2 in Several Typical Processes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 CO2 reforming of methane -- 7.2.1 Thermodynamics of CDR -- 7.2.2 Catalysts -- 7.2.3 Noble Metal Catalysts -- 7.2.3.1 Pt Catalysts -- 7.2.3.2 Pd, Ir, Rh, and Ru Catalysts -- 7.2.4 Supported Ni Catalysts -- 7.2.4.1 Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts -- 7.2.4.1.1 Ni/Al2O3 catalysts -- 7.2.4.1.2 Ni/SiO2 catalysts -- 7.2.4.1.3 Ni/ZrO2 catalysts -- 7.2.4.1.4 Ni supported on rare earth oxide -- 7.2.4.1.5 Ni/MgO and solid solution Catalysts -- 7.2.4.1.6 Ni-based Catalysts supported on zeolite.

7.2.5 Supported Co Catalysts -- 7.2.6 Summary of Catalysts for CDR Reaction -- 7.3 Oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to olefins by CO2 -- 7.3.1 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene by CO2 -- 7.3.1.1 Development of Catalysts -- 7.3.1.2 Active Species and Reaction Mechanism -- 7.3.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene by CO2 -- 7.3.3 Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Isobutane to Isobutylene by CO2 -- 7.4 Catalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol -- 7.4.1 Cu-Based Catalysts -- 7.4.1.1 Effect of Cu Surface Area and Cu-ZnO Interaction on Reactivity -- 7.4.1.2 Development of Preparation Method for Cu-Based Catalyst -- 7.4.2 Pd and Pd-Modified Catalysts -- 7.4.3 Other Kinds of Catalysts -- 7.4.4 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Methanol and Photocatalysts -- 7.4.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Catalytic Synthesis of CO Free Hydrogen -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 H2 from biomass -- 8.3 Biological route -- 8.4 Chemical route -- 8.4.1 Biomass gasification: H2-generation -- 8.5 Purification of syngas for obtaining H2-rich stream -- 8.6 Homogeneous catalysis for WGS -- 8.7 Heterogeneous catalysis for WGS -- 8.8 CeO2-based catalysts -- 8.9 ZrO2-based catalysts -- 8.10 TiO2-based catalysts -- 8.11 Purification of exhaust streams -- References -- 9 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C C Bond Forming Reactions with Carbon Dioxide -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Catalytic carboxylation of organometallic compounds -- 9.3 Catalytic carboxylation of organic halides -- 9.4 Direct carboxylation of C H bonds -- 9.5 Hydrogenative and alkylative carboxylation of unsaturated C C bonds -- 9.6 Catalytic boracarboxylation and silacarboxylation of alkynes -- 9.7 Catalytic cyclization/carboxylation of olefins and alkynes -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Electro-Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide -- 10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metals in aqueous and non-aqueous media -- 10.3 Electro-reduction of carbon dioxide on metallic electrodes -- 10.3.1 Perspective Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Syngas over Mesoporous Material Supported Nickel Catalysts -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Application of mesoporous material supported Ni catalysts for methane reforming with CO2 -- 11.2.1 Feasibility Investigation Over MCM-41 Catalysts -- 11.2.2 Effect of Strong Metal-Support Interaction On MCM-41 Supported Ni-Based Bimetallic Catalysts -- 11.2.3 Ni-Grafted SBA-15 and MCM-41 Catalysts -- 11.2.4 Nickel Grafted TUD-1 Catalyst -- 11.2.5 A Comparative Study On Catalyst Deactivation of Ni and Co Incorporated MCM-41 Modified By Pt -- 11.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Chemical Functions of Dense Phase CO2 as Accelerator/Modifier in Organic Synthetic Reactions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Chemical effects of CO2 on organic synthetic reactions in CXLs -- 12.2.1 Hydrogenation -- 12.2.2 Oxidation -- 12.2.3 Hydroformylation -- 12.2.4 Acid-Catalyzed Reaction -- 12.2.5 Heck Reaction -- 12.2.6 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 12.3 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Applications of cyclic carbonates -- 13.3 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using quaternary ammonium halide catalysts -- 13.4 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using other nitrogen containing salts as catalysts -- 13.5 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using other group V and VI salts as catalysts -- 13.6 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using metal salts as catalysts -- 13.7 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using metal oxide containing species as catalysts -- 13.8 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates using metal complexes as catalysts.

13.9 Conclusions.