Self-Cleaning Materials and Surfaces: A Nanotechnology Approach -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- PART I CONCEPTS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES -- 1 Superhydrophobicity and Self-Cleaning -- 1.1 Superhydrophobicity -- 1.1.1 Introducing Superhydrophobicity -- 1.1.2 Contact Angles and Wetting -- 1.1.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis -- 1.1.4 The Effect of Roughness on Contact Angles -- 1.1.5 Where the Equations Come From -- 1.1.6 Which State Does a Drop Move Into? -- 1.2 Self-Cleaning on Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Self-Cleaning on Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 1.2.2 Other Factors -- 1.2.3 Nature's Answers -- 1.2.4 Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Surfaces -- 1.2.5 Functional Properties of Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 1.3 Materials and Fabrication -- 1.4 Future Perspectives -- References -- PART II APPLICATIONS OF SELF-CLEANING SURFACES -- 2 Recent Development on Self-Cleaning Cementitious Coatings -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Atmospheric Pollution: Substances and Laws -- 2.2.1 Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.2.2 Particulate Matter -- 2.2.3 Volatile Organic Compounds -- 2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 2.4 Self-Cleaning Surfaces -- 2.4.1 Mechanisms of Photo-Reduction of Air Pollutants -- 2.4.2 Some Experimental Evidences -- 2.5 Main Applications -- 2.6 Test Methods -- 2.6.1 Colour -- 2.6.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Nitrogen Oxides -- 2.6.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro-Pollutants in Air -- 2.6.4 Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B -- 2.6.5 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 2.7 Future Developments -- References -- 3 Recent Progress on Self-Cleaning Glasses and Integration with Other Functions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Theoretical Fundamentals for Self-Cleaning Glasses -- 3.2.1 Wettability -- 3.2.2 Photoinduced Hydrophilicity -- 3.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis.

3.3 Self-Cleaning Glasses Based on Photocatalysis and Photoinduced Hydrophilicity -- 3.3.1 Self-Cleaning Glasses with Pores -- 3.3.2 Doping to Realize Visible-Light-Induced Self-Cleaning Glasses -- 3.3.3 The Use of Hole Transfer to Realize Self-Cleaning -- 3.3.4 The Effect of Temperature and Atmosphere on the Photoinduced Hydrophilicity -- 3.3.5 The Effect of Soda Ions on the Properties of Self-Cleaning Glasses -- 3.3.6 The Anti-Bacterial Effect and Anti-Fogging Effect -- 3.3.7 The Composite SiO2 Films for Self-Cleaning Glasses with High Antireflection -- 3.4 Inorganic Hydrophobic Self-Cleaning Glasses -- 3.4.1 Modifying The TiO2 Film by Low-Electronegativity Elements -- 3.4.2 The Application of ZnO Material in a Superhydrophobic Material -- 3.5 Self-Cleaning Glasses Modified by Organic Molecules -- 3.6 The Functionality of Self-Cleaning Glasses -- References -- 4 Self-Cleaning Surface of Clay Roofing Tiles -- 4.1 Clay Roofing Tiles and Their Deterioration Phenomena -- 4.1.1 Raw Material Composition and Firing Process -- 4.1.2 Surface Characteristics of Clay Roofing Tiles -- 4.1.3 Frost, Chemical and Biocorrosion Deterioration of Clay Roofing Tiles -- 4.1.4 Simulation of Weathering of Clay Roofing Tiles in Laboratory Conditions -- 4.2 Protective and Self-Cleaning Materials for Clay Roofing Tiles -- 4.2.1 Design of Protective and Self-Cleaning Coatings -- 4.2.2 Monitoring the Characteristics of Coated Clay Roofing Tiles -- References -- 5 Self-Cleaning Fibers and Fabrics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Photocatalysis -- 5.2.1 Mechanisms -- 5.2.2 Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst -- 5.3 Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Surface Functionalization of Fibrous Materials -- 5.3.1 Self-Cleaning Cellulosic Fibers -- 5.3.2 Self-Cleaning Keratin Fibers -- 5.3.3 Self-Cleaning Synthetic Fibers -- 5.4 Application of Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Fibers.

5.4.1 Protective Clothing -- 5.4.2 Household Appliances and Interior Furnishing -- 5.5 Limitations -- 5.5.1 Environmental Concerns -- 5.5.2 Human Safety Concerns -- 5.5.3 Photocatalytic Efficiency and Stability -- 5.6 Future Prospects -- 5.6.1 Visible Light Activation -- 5.6.2 Remote Photocatalytic Effect -- 5.6.3 Process Modification -- 5.6.4 Empirical Measurements -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Self-Cleaning Materials for Plastic and Plastic-Containing Substrates -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 TiO2 Thin Films on Polymers: Sol-Gel-Based Wet Coating Techniques -- 6.2.1 Wet Coating Techniques: History and Advantages -- 6.2.2 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PC and PMMA -- 6.2.3 SiO2 Incorporation into TiO2 - SiO2 as an Interfacial Layer for TiO2 -- 6.2.4 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PET and HDPE -- 6.2.5 TiO2 Photocatalytic Thin Films on PS -- 6.2.6 Modified Hybrid TiO2 Sols on Plastics: ABS, Polystyrene, and PVC -- 6.2.7 TiO2 on Paints and Self-Cleaning Paints -- 6.2.8 MW Irradiation-Assisted Dip Coating for Low-Temperature TiO2 Deposition on Polymers -- 6.2.9 Nanomechanical Properties of Dipped TiO2 Granular Thin Films on Polymer Substrates -- 6.3 TiO2-Polymer Nanocomposites Review: Casting (Mixing) Techniques -- 6.3.1 Short History and Advantages -- 6.3.2 Ag/Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Polyurethane (PU)-TiO2 Nanocomposite Films by Solution Casting Techniques -- 6.3.3 Antimicrobial Activity of TiO2-Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) Composites -- 6.3.4 TiO2 Immobilized Biodegradable Polymers -- 6.4 TiO2 Sputter-Coated Films on Polymer Substrates -- 6.4.1 DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on PC -- 6.4.2 Reactive Radio-Frequency [RF] Magnetron Sputtering of Photocatalytic TiO2 Films on PET -- 6.5 TiO2 Thin Films on PET and PMMA by Nanoparticle Deposition Systems (NPDS).

6.6 Photo-Responsive Discharging Effect of Static Electricity on TiO2-Coated Plastic Films -- 6.7 Recent Achievements -- 6.7.1 Commercialized Products: Ube-Nitto Kasei Co. and the University of Tokyo -- 6.7.2 Patents: University of Wisconsin -- Acknowledgements -- References -- PART III ADVANCES IN SELF-CLEANING SURFACES -- 7 Self-Cleaning Textiles Modified by TiO2 and Bactericide Textiles Modified by Ag and Cu -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Self-Cleaning Textiles: RF-Plasma Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2 -- 7.3 Self-Cleaning Mechanism for Colorless and Colored Stains on Textiles -- 7.4 Self-Cleaning Textiles: Vacuum-UVC Pretreatment to Increase the Binding of TiO2 -- 7.5 XPS to Follow Stain Discoloration on Cotton Modified with TiO2 and Characterization of the TiO2 Coating -- 7.6 Bactericide/Ag/Textiles Prepared by Pretreatment with Vacuum-UVC -- 7.7 DC-Magnetron Sputtering of Textiles with Ag Inactivating Airborne Bacteria -- 7.8 Inactivation of E. coli by CuO in Suspension in the Dark and Under Visible Light -- 7.9 Inactivation of E. coli by Pretreated Cotton Textiles Modified with Cu/CuO at the Solid/Air Interface -- 7.10 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering (DC and DCP) of Nanoparticulate Continuous Cu-Coatings on Cotton Textile Inducing Bacterial Inactivation in the Dark and Under Light Irradiation -- 7.11 Future Trends -- References -- 8 Liquid Flame Spray as a Means to Achieve Nanoscale Coatings with Easy-to-Clean Properties -- 8.1 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- 8.2 Aerosol Reactors -- 8.2.1 Hot Wall Reactors -- 8.2.2 Laser Reactors -- 8.2.3 Plasma Reactors -- 8.2.4 Flame Reactors -- 8.2.5 Spray Pyrolysis -- 8.3 Liquid Flame Spray -- 8.3.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles via LFS -- 8.3.2 Multicomponent Nanoparticles -- 8.3.3 Synthesis and Deposition of Nanoparticle Coatings.

8.4 Liquid Flame Spray in Synthesis of Easy-to-Clean Antimicrobial Coatings -- 8.4.1 Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide -- 8.4.2 Deposition of the Titania Coatings -- 8.4.3 Doping of the Coatings -- 8.4.4 Performance of the Antimicrobial Easy-to-Clean Coatings -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- 9 Pulsed Laser Deposition of Surfaces with Tunable Wettability -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Theory of Wetting Properties of Surfaces -- 9.2.1 Planar Surfaces -- 9.2.2 Rough Surfaces -- 9.3 Roughening a Flat Surface -- 9.3.1 PLD Technique Overview -- 9.3.2 Nanostructures Grown by PLD -- 9.4 Switchable Wettability -- 9.4.1 Photoinduced Wettability on PLD Structures -- 9.4.2 Electrowetting on PLD Structures -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Fabrication of Antireflective Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using Layer-by-Layer Assembly Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Antireflective Coatings -- 10.2.1 Interference Multiple Layers -- 10.2.2 Inhomogeneous Layer with Gradient Refractive Index -- 10.3 Solution-Based Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly Techniques -- 10.3.1 Electrostatic Assembly -- 10.3.2 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Assembly -- 10.3.3 Self-Assembly -- 10.4 Mechanisms of Self-Cleaning -- 10.4.1 Hydrophilic Surfaces -- 10.4.2 Hydrophobic Surfaces -- 10.5 Fabrication of Antireflective Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer (ELbL) Assembly of Nanoparticles -- 10.5.1 Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Surfaces with Antireflective Properties -- 10.5.2 Superhydrophobic Self-Cleaning Surfaces with Antireflective Properties -- 10.6 Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using LB Assembly of Micro-/Nanoparticles -- 10.7 Characterization of As-Fabricated Surfaces -- 10.7.1 Surface Morphology and Roughness -- 10.7.2 Thickness, Porosity, and Refractive Index -- 10.7.3 Transmittance -- 10.7.4 Photocatalytic Properties.

10.7.5 Contact Angle and Contact Angle Hysteresis.