Biostatistics Decoded -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The object of biostatistics -- 1.2 Defining the population -- 1.3 Study design -- 1.4 Sampling -- 1.5 Inferences from samples -- 2 Basic concepts -- 2.1 Data reduction -- 2.2 Scales of measurement -- 2.3 Tabulations of data -- 2.4 Central tendency measures -- 2.5 Measures of dispersion -- 2.6 Compressing data -- 2.7 The standard deviation -- 2.8 The n - 1 divisor -- 2.9 Properties of means and variances -- 2.10 Common frequency distributions -- 2.11 The normal distribution -- 2.12 The central limit theorem -- 2.13 Properties of the normal distribution -- 2.14 Statistical tables -- 3 Statistical inference -- 3.1 Sampling distributions -- 3.2 The normal distribution of sample means -- 3.3 The standard error of the mean -- 3.4 The value of the standard error -- 3.5 Inferences from means -- 3.6 Confidence intervals -- 3.7 The case of small samples -- 3.8 Student's t distribution -- 3.9 Statistical tables of the t distribution -- 3.10 Estimation with binary variables -- 3.11 The binomial distribution -- 3.12 Inferences from proportions -- 3.13 Statistical tables of the binomial distribution -- 3.14 Sample size requirements -- 4 Descriptive studies -- 4.1 Classification of descriptive studies -- 4.2 Probability sampling -- 4.3 Simple random sampling -- 4.4 Replacement in sampling -- 4.5 Stratified sampling -- 4.6 Multistage sampling -- 4.7 Prevalence studies -- 4.8 Incidence studies -- 4.9 The person-years method -- 4.10 Non-probability sampling in descriptive studies -- 4.11 Standardization -- 5 Analytical studies -- 5.1 Design of analytical studies -- 5.2 Non-probability sampling in analytical studies -- 5.3 The investigation of associations -- 5.4 Comparison of two means -- 5.5 Comparison of two means from small samples -- 5.6 Comparison of two proportions.

5.7 Relative risks and odds ratios -- 5.8 Attributable risk -- 5.9 Logits and log odds ratios -- 6 Statistical tests -- 6.1 The null hypothesis -- 6.2 The z-test -- 6.3 The p-value -- 6.4 Student's t-test -- 6.5 The binomial test -- 6.6 The chi-square test -- 6.7 Degrees of freedom -- 6.8 The table of the chi-square distribution -- 6.9 Analysis of variance -- 6.10 Statistical tables of the F distribution -- 7 Issues with statistical tests -- 7.1 One-sided tests -- 7.2 Power of a statistical test -- 7.3 Sample size estimation -- 7.4 Multiple comparisons -- 7.5 Scale transformation -- 7.6 Non-parametric tests -- 8 Longitudinal studies -- 8.1 Repeated measurements -- 8.2 The paired Student's t-test -- 8.3 McNemar's test -- 8.4 Analysis of events -- 8.5 The actuarial method -- 8.6 The Kaplan-Meier method -- 8.7 The logrank test -- 8.8 The adjusted logrank test -- 8.9 The Poisson distribution -- 8.10 The incidence rate ratio -- 9 Statistical modeling -- 9.1 Linear regression -- 9.2 The least squares method -- 9.3 Linear regression estimates -- 9.4 Regression and correlation -- 9.5 The F-test in linear regression -- 9.6 Interpretation of regression analysis results -- 9.7 Multiple regression -- 9.8 Regression diagnostics -- 9.9 Selection of predictor variables -- 9.10 Regression, t-test, and anova -- 9.11 Interaction -- 9.12 Nonlinear regression -- 9.13 Logistic regression -- 9.14 The method of maximum likelihood -- 9.15 Estimation of the logistic regression model -- 9.16 The likelihood ratio test -- 9.17 Interpreting the results of logistic regression -- 9.18 Regression coefficients and odds ratios -- 9.19 Applications of logistic regression -- 9.20 The ROC curve -- 9.21 Model validation -- 9.22 The Cox proportional hazards model -- 9.23 Assumptions of the Cox model -- 9.24 Interpretation of Cox regression -- 10 Measurement.

10.1 Construction of clinical questionnaires -- 10.2 Factor analysis -- 10.3 Interpretation of factor analysis -- 10.4 Factor rotation -- 10.5 Factor scores -- 10.6 Reliability -- 10.7 Concordance -- 10.8 Validity -- 11 Experimental studies -- 11.1 The purpose of experimental studies -- 11.2 The clinical trial population -- 11.3 The efficacy criteria -- 11.4 Non-comparative clinical trials -- 11.5 Controlled clinical trials -- 11.6 Classical designs -- 11.7 The control group -- 11.8 Blinding -- 11.9 Randomization -- 11.10 The size of a clinical trial -- 11.11 Non-inferiority clinical trials -- 11.12 Adaptive clinical trials -- 11.13 Group sequential plans -- 11.14 The alpha spending function -- 11.15 The clinical trial protocol -- 11.16 The data record -- 12 The analysis of experimental studies -- 12.1 General analysis plan -- 12.2 Data preparation -- 12.3 Study populations -- 12.4 Primary efficacy analysis -- 12.5 Analysis of multiple endpoints -- 12.6 Secondary analyses -- 12.7 Safety analysis -- 13 Meta-analysis of clinical trials -- 13.1 Purpose of meta-analysis -- 13.2 Measures of treatment effect -- 13.3 The inverse variance method -- 13.4 The random effects model -- 13.5 Heterogeneity -- 13.6 Publication bias -- 13.7 Presentation of results -- Further reading -- Index.