Biomaterials Surface Science -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Polymer Surfaces -- 1 Proteins for Surface Structuring -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Structuring and Modification of Interfaces by Self-Assembling Proteins -- 1.2.1 Formation and Modification of Protein Structures at Liquid Interfaces -- 1.2.1.1 Silaffins -- 1.2.1.2 Hydrophobins -- 1.2.2 Formation and Modification of Protein Structures at Solid Interfaces -- 1.2.2.1 Silicateins -- 1.3 Structuring and Modification of Solid Surfaces via Printing of Biomolecules -- 1.3.1 Intaglio Printing Using Nanostructured Wrinkle Substrates -- 1.3.1.1 Wrinkling: Nanostructured Templates -- 1.3.1.2 Assembly of Bionanoparticles on Wrinkles -- 1.3.1.3 Intaglio Printing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus -- 1.3.2 Microcontact Printing for Bioinspired Surface Modification -- 1.3.2.1 Microcontact Printing onto Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 1.3.2.2 Microcontact Printing with Wrinkle Stamps -- 1.3.2.3 Microcontact Printing with Porous Stamps -- 1.3.2.4 Enhanced Microcontact Printing -- 1.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 2 Surface-Grafted Polymer Brushes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of Polymer Brushes -- 2.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Brushes -- 2.4 Polyelectrolyte Brushes -- 2.5 Bio-Functionalized Polymer Brushes -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Inhibiting Nonspecific Protein Adsorption: Mechanisms, Methods, and Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Underlying Forces Responsible for Nonspecific Protein Adsorption -- 3.2.1 Protein Structure Effects on Adsorption and Adsorbed Film Properties -- 3.3 Poly(Ethylene Glycol) -- 3.4 Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) -- 3.5 Applications of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) -- Summary -- References -- 4 Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces for Biomedical Applications -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Surface Modification Methodologies: How to Render Substrates with Stimuli Responsiveness -- 4.2.1 Self-Assembled Monolayers -- 4.2.2 Thin Polymer Network Films -- 4.2.3 Grafting -- 4.2.4 Layer-by-Layer -- 4.3 Exploitable Stimuli and Model Smart Biomaterials -- 4.3.1 Physical Stimuli -- 4.3.1.1 Temperature -- 4.3.1.2 Light -- 4.3.2 Chemical Stimuli -- 4.3.2.1 pH -- 4.3.2.2 Ionic Strength -- 4.3.3 Biochemical Stimuli -- 4.3.3.1 Antigens -- 4.3.3.2 Enzymes -- 4.3.3.3 Glucose -- 4.3.4 Multiple-Responsive Surfaces -- 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Smart Surfaces -- 4.4.1 Smart Coatings for Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, and Drug Delivery Applications -- 4.4.2 Smart Biomineralization -- 4.4.3 Cell Sheet Engineering -- 4.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Effect of Material Surfaces on Interactions with Biological Entities -- 5.2.1 Fundamental Aspects of Biological Responses to Biomaterials -- 5.2.2 Surface Properties of Polymeric Biomaterials -- 5.3 Surface Morphology of Polymeric Biomaterials -- 5.3.1 Physical Methods -- 5.3.1.1 Physical Adsorption -- 5.3.1.2 Surface Micro- and Nanopatterning -- 5.3.1.3 Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Film Deposition -- 5.3.2 Chemical Methods -- 5.3.2.1 Ozone Treatment -- 5.3.2.2 Silanization -- 5.3.2.3 Fluorination -- 5.3.2.4 Wet Treatments -- 5.3.2.5 Flame Treatment -- 5.3.2.6 Incorporation of Functional Groups -- 5.3.3 Biological Methods -- 5.3.3.1 Protein-Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.3.4 Radiation Methods -- 5.3.4.1 Plasma Radiation -- 5.3.4.2 Microwave and Corona Discharge -- 5.3.4.3 Photoactivation by UV -- 5.3.4.4 Laser -- 5.3.4.5 Ion Beam -- 5.3.4.6 Gamma Irradiation -- 5.3.5 Improvement of Hydrophilicity -- 5.4 Surface Modifications to Improve Biocompatibility of Biomaterials -- 5.4.1 Adsorption of Proteins.

5.4.1.1 Patterning of the Surfaces -- 5.5 Surface Modifications to Improve Hemocompatibility of Biomaterials -- 5.5.1 Blood-Material Interaction -- 5.5.2 Factors Influencing Hemocompatibility -- 5.5.3 Modification Techniques for Hemocompatible Surfaces -- 5.6 Surface Modifications to Improve Antibacterial Properties of Biomaterials -- 5.6.1 Bacterial Infections Associated with Biomaterials -- 5.6.2 Bacteria and Material Interaction -- 5.6.3 Modification Techniques for Obtaining Antibacterial Surfaces -- 5.6.3.1 Surface Coatings with Antibiotics -- 5.6.3.2 Surface Coatings with Silver -- 5.6.3.3 Surface Modifications with Antibacterial Agents -- 5.7 Nanoparticles -- References -- 6 Polymer Vesicles on Surfaces -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Polymer Vesicles -- 6.2.1 Polymer Vesicles in Solution -- 6.2.1.1 Self-Assembly -- 6.2.1.2 Amphiphilic Copolymers -- 6.2.1.3 Preparation of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.2.1.4 Properties of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.2.2 Polymer Vesicles Tethered to Surfaces -- 6.2.2.1 Surface Preparation -- 6.2.2.2 Immobilization Procedures -- 6.2.3 Characterization of Vesicles, Surfaces, and Vesicles on Surfaces -- 6.2.4 Characterization of Vesicles in Solution -- 6.2.4.1 Scattering Methods -- 6.2.4.2 Microscopic Techniques -- 6.2.5 Solid Support Characterization -- 6.2.6 Vesicles on Surfaces -- 6.3 Applications of Polymer Membranes and Vesicles as Smart and Active Surfaces -- 6.3.1 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes and Vesicles -- 6.3.1.1 Insertion of Membrane Proteins in Polymeric Vesicles -- 6.3.1.2 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes and Vesicles with Antibodies, Peptides, and Other Ligands -- 6.3.2 Polymer Membranes and Vesicles as (Bio)sensors -- 6.3.3 Polymer Vesicles as Nanoreactors for Diagnostics and Therapy -- 6.3.3.1 Encapsulation of Fluorescent Molecules -- 6.3.3.2 Encapsulation of Nanoparticles.

6.3.3.3 Polymer Vesicles as Nanoreactors -- 6.4 Current Limitations of Polymer Vesicles and Emerging Trends -- 6.4.1 Reproducibility and Stability of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.4.2 Loading Efficiency of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.4.3 Cytotoxicity of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.4.4 Next Generation of Polymer Vesicles -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- References -- Part II Hydrogel Surfaces -- 7 Protein-Engineered Hydrogels -- 7.1 Introduction to Protein Engineering for Materials Design -- 7.2 History and Development of Protein-Engineered Materials -- 7.3 Modular Design and Recombinant Synthesis Strategy -- 7.3.1 Module Design -- 7.3.2 Linker Design -- 7.3.3 Recombinant Protein Expression -- 7.4 Processing Protein-Engineered Materials -- 7.4.1 Cross-Linking Mechanisms -- 7.4.1.1 Effects of Cross-Link Density -- 7.4.1.2 Chemical Hydrogels -- 7.4.1.3 Physical Hydrogels -- 7.4.1.4 Self-Assembling Hydrogel Triggers -- 7.4.2 Protein-Engineered Hydrogel Processing Techniques -- 7.4.2.1 Thin Film Techniques -- 7.4.2.2 Bulk Protein Techniques -- 7.4.2.3 Surface Patterning Techniques -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Bioactive and Smart Hydrogel Surfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix -- 8.2.1 Importance of Mimicking ECM Structure: From 2D to 3D Culture -- 8.2.2 Patterned Surfaces -- 8.2.2.1 Lithography -- 8.2.2.2 Micromolding -- 8.2.2.3 Nano-Microfluidics -- 8.2.2.4 Biopatterning -- 8.2.2.5 Response of Cells to Patterned Surfaces -- 8.3 Hydrogels: Why Are They So Special? -- 8.3.1 Chemical versus Physical Hydrogels -- 8.3.1.1 Chemical Cross-linking -- 8.3.1.2 Bioinspired Peptidic Motifs for Physical Cross-linking -- 8.3.2 Injectable Hydrogels -- 8.3.3 Natural versus Artificial Polymers -- 8.3.3.1 Natural Polymers -- 8.3.3.2 Artificial Polymers -- 8.4 Elastin-Like Recombinamers as Bioinspired Proteins.

8.4.1 ELR Chemical Hydrogels -- 8.4.2 ELR Physical Hydrogels -- 8.4.3 Adding Biofunctionality -- 8.4.4 Composites -- 8.5 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Bioresponsive Surfaces and Stem Cell Niches -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Stem Cell Niches -- 9.2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche -- 9.2.2 Epithelial Stem Cell Niche -- 9.2.3 Neural Stem Cell Niche -- 9.3 Surfaces as Stem Cell Niches -- 9.3.1 Topography Effect on Stem Cell Behavior -- 9.3.2 Importance of Mechanical Properties on Stem Cells -- 9.3.3 Engineering Chemical Microenvironments for Stem Cells -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Hybrid & Inorganic Surfaces -- 10 Micro- and Nanopatterning of Biomaterial Surfaces -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Photolithography -- 10.3 Electron Beam Lithography -- 10.4 Focused Ion Beam -- 10.5 Soft Lithography -- 10.6 Dip-Pen Nanolithography -- 10.7 Nanoimprint Lithography -- 10.8 Sandblasting and Acid Etching -- 10.9 Laser-Induced Surface Patterning -- 10.10 Colloidal Lithography -- 10.11 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Surfaces -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Calcium Carbonate Surfaces and Interfaces -- 11.3 Calcium Phosphate Surfaces and Interfaces -- 11.4 Silica Surfaces and Interfaces -- 11.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Bioactive Ceramic and Metallic Surfaces for Bone Engineering -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ceramics for Bone Replacement and Regeneration -- 12.2.1 The Concept of Bioactivity in Ceramics: Genesis and Evolution -- 12.2.2 Bioactivity as a Surface Property: Surface Reactions in Glasses and Ceramics -- 12.2.3 In vitro Evaluation of Bioactivity -- 12.2.4 Bioactivity via Functionalization of Surfaces -- 12.3 Metallic Surfaces for Bone Replacement and Regeneration.

12.3.1 Physical Surface Modifications to Confer Functionality to Metallic Implants.