Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Contributors -- 1 Metal Catalysts for the Conversion of Biomass to Chemicals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Hydrogenation Catalysts -- 1.2.1 Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Carbohydrates and Derivatives -- 1.2.1.1 Hydrogenation of Glucose -- 1.2.1.2 Hydrogenation of Fructose -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrogenation of Xylose and Furfural -- 1.2.1.4 Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural -- 1.2.1.5 Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid -- 1.2.1.6 Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid -- 1.2.1.7 Hydrogenation of Lactic Acid -- 1.2.1.8 Hydrogenation of Arabinonic Acid -- 1.2.2 Metal Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Fatty Compounds -- 1.2.2.1 Hydrogenation and Isomerization of C C Bonds -- 1.2.2.2 Hydrogenation of Fatty Esters to Fatty Alcohols -- 1.2.2.3 Hydrogenation of Fatty Nitriles to Fatty Amines -- 1.2.3 Metal Catalysts for the Conversion of Wood Derivatives -- 1.3 Metal Catalysts for Dehydroxylation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions -- 1.3.1 Hydrogenolysis/Dehydroxylation of Sorbitol and Xylitol -- 1.3.2 Dehydroxylation of Glycerol -- 1.3.2.1 Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol (1,2-PDO) -- 1.3.2.2 Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) -- 1.3.3 Metal Catalysts for One-Pot Conversion of Polysaccharides -- 1.4 Metal Catalysts for the Oxidation of Carbohydrates and Derivatives -- 1.4.1 Design of Metal Catalysts -- 1.4.2 Oxidation of Glucose -- 1.4.3 Oxidation of Lactose -- 1.4.4 Oxidation of Glycerol -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 Current Catalytic Processes for Biomass Conversion -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Gasification of Cellulose -- 2.2.1 Applications of Syngas -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose to Syngas -- 2.2.3 Direct Production of Pure Hydrogen from Cellulose -- 2.3 Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Cellulose -- 2.3.1 Significance of Sorbitol Synthesis.

2.3.2 History of the Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Cellulose -- 2.3.3 Reaction Mechanism for the Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Cellulose -- 2.3.4 Optimization of the Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Cellulose -- 2.3.4.1 Pretreatment of Cellulose -- 2.3.4.2 Design of Solid Catalysts -- 2.3.4.3 Utilization of Homogeneous Catalysts -- 2.3.5 Hydrolytic Hydrogenation of Hemicellulose -- 2.4 Conversion of Cellulose to C2 and C3 Chemicals -- 2.4.1 Application and Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol -- 2.4.2 Application and Synthesis of Propylene Glycol -- 2.5 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose -- 2.5.1 Significance of Glucose Synthesis -- 2.5.2 Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Solid Sulfonic Acids -- 2.5.3 Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Supported Metal Catalysts -- 2.5.4 Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Weak Acids -- 2.5.5 Usage of Ionic Liquids for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose -- 2.5.6 Utilization of the Cellulose Hydrolysate for the Synthesis of Chemicals -- 2.6 One-pot synthesis of other chemicals from cellulose -- 2.6.1 Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Levulinates -- 2.6.2 Synthesis of Gluconic Acid -- 2.7 Degradation of Lignin to Chemicals -- 2.7.1 Current Application of Lignin -- 2.7.2 Catalytic Synthesis of Chemicals from Lignin Derivatives -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Emerging Catalysis for 5-HMF Formation from Cellulosic Carbohydrates -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conversion of Fructose to 5-HMF -- 3.2.1 Catalysts -- 3.2.2 Reaction Solvents -- 3.2.3 Reaction Conditions -- 3.2.4 Biphasic Extraction -- 3.2.5 Stabilization of 5-HMF in Solvents -- 3.3 Conversion of Glucose to 5-HMF -- 3.4 Conversion of Cellulose to 5-HMF -- 3.5 Conversion of C-6 and C-5 Carbohydrates in Biomass to 5-HMF and Furfural -- 3.6 Summary and Prospective -- References -- 4 Trends and Challenges in Catalytic Biomass Conversion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hydrogenolysis.

4.2.1 Production of Propanediols from Polyols -- 4.3 Sugars to Lactates -- 4.3.1 Conversion of Triose Sugars to Lactates Using Zeolites -- 4.3.2 Conversion of Higher Sugars to Lactates -- 4.4 Utilization of the Lignin Fraction -- 4.4.1 Lignin Streams from Paper Mills and Biorefineries -- 4.4.2 Upgrading of the Lignin Streams -- References -- 5 Catalytic Processes of Lignocellulosic Feedstock Conversion for Production of Furfural, Levulinic Acid, and Formic Acid-Based Fuel Components -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Lignocellulosic Feedstock as Raw Material for Comprehensive Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production -- 5.3 Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, and Furfural -- 5.3.1 Levulinic Acid -- 5.3.2 Formic Acid -- 5.3.3 Furfural -- 5.3.1 An Overview on Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production -- 5.3.1.1 Levulinic Acid Synthesis from Hexosanes -- 5.3.1.1.1 Low Temperature and Concentrated Acid Dehydration Process -- 5.3.1.1.2 High Temperature, Increased Pressure, and Diluted Acid Dehydration Process -- 5.3.1.2 Furfural Production from Pentosanes -- 5.3.1.3 Levulinic Acid and Furfural Contemporary Production by the Biofine Process -- 5.4 Fuels and Fuel Components from Levulinic Acid and Furfural -- 5.4.1 γ-Valerolactone (GVL) -- 5.4.2 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) -- 5.4.3 Levulinic Acid Esters -- 5.4.4 Valeric Acid Esters -- 5.4.5 Pentenoic Acid Esters -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Synthetic Biology for Biomass Conversion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Biomass Problem -- 6.3 Biological Production of Renewable Fuels from Cellulosic Biomass -- 6.4 Synthetic Biology -- 6.5 Biomass Degradation -- 6.5.1 Chassis 1. S. cerevisiae -- 6.5.2 Chassis 2. Engineered Ethanologenic Enteric Bacteria -- 6.5.3 Chassis 3. B. subtilis -- 6.6 "Advanced" Biofuels -- 6.7 Increasing Tolerance to Inhibitory Compounds -- 6.8 The Way Forward -- 6.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments.

References -- 7 Hybrid Plant Systems for Breeding and Gene Confinement in Bioenergy Crops -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Current Conventional Hybrid Plant Breeding Schemes -- 7.3 Novel Non-GM and GM Approaches to Hybrid Plant Development -- 7.3.1 Embryo Rescue for Recovery of Wide Crosses -- 7.3.2 Bridge Intermediates as Breeding Tools -- 7.3.3 The Importance of Genomics-Assisted Breeding and Wide Crosses for New Hybrid Plant Development -- 7.3.4 The Use of Genetically Modified Plants for Recovery of Non-Genetically Modified Hybrids from Wide Crosses -- 7.4 Gene Confinement Strategies for Release of GM Improved Bioenergy Crops -- 7.4.1 Seed-Based Hybrid Systems for Gene Confinement of GM Bioenergy Crops -- 7.4.2 Male- and Female-Sterility Lines for Breeding and Gene Confinement of Bioenergy Crops -- 7.4.3 Total Sterility Mechanisms for Production of GM Bioenergy Crops -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 An Introduction to Pyrolysis and Catalytic Pyrolysis: Versatile Techniques for Biomass Conversion -- 8.1 Classification of Pyrolysis Processes -- 8.1.1 Slow Pyrolysis -- 8.1.2 Intermediate Pyrolysis -- 8.1.3 Fast Pyrolysis -- 8.1.4 Flash Pyrolysis -- 8.1.5 Torrefaction -- 8.2 Pyrolysis Reactor Design -- 8.3 Pyrolysis Products -- 8.3.1 Char -- 8.3.2 Bio-Oil -- 8.3.3 Biogas -- 8.4 The Major Components of Biomass -- 8.4.1 Lignocellulose -- 8.4.1.1 Cellulose -- 8.4.1.2 Hemicellulose -- 8.4.1.3 Lignin -- 8.4.2 Lipids -- 8.4.3 Other Biomass Types -- 8.5 Mechanisms of Biomass Pyrolysis -- 8.5.1 Pyrolysis Mechanisms of Cellulose -- 8.5.2 Hemicellulose Pyrolysis Mechanisms -- 8.5.3 Pyrolysis Mechanisms of Lignin -- 8.5.4 Triglyceride Pyrolysis Mechanisms -- 8.6 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass -- 8.6.1 Molecular Sieve Catalysts -- 8.6.1.1 ZSM-5 Catalysts -- 8.6.1.1.1 ZSM-5-Mediated Catalytic Pyrolysis of Glucose-A Model for Cellulose.

8.6.1.1.2 ZSM-5-Mediated Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignin -- 8.6.1.1.3 ZSM-5-Mediated Catalytic Pyrolysis of Microalgae -- 8.6.1.1.4 ZSM-5-, Al2O3-, and Al-SBA-15-Promoted Catalytic Pyrolysis of Herb Residue Wastes -- 8.6.1.2 MCM-41 Catalysts -- 8.6.1.3 Comparative Catalytic Pyrolysis Studies Involving ZSM-5- and MCM-41-Type Catalysts -- 8.6.1.4 Aromatic Product Formation During Zeolite-Mediated Catalytic Pyrolysis -- 8.6.1.5 Pore Size Effects During Zeolite-Mediated Catalytic Pyrolysis -- 8.6.2 Metal Oxide Catalysts -- 8.6.2.1 Metal Oxide-Promoted Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Sawdust -- 8.6.2.2 Metal Oxide-Promoted Catalytic Pyrolysis of Cotton Seed -- 8.6.2.3 Oxide-Promoted Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine -- 8.6.3 Metal-Modified Zeolite Catalysts -- 8.6.3.1 Metal-Modified ZSM-5 Materials -- 8.6.3.2 d-Block Metal-Modified MCM-41 Materials -- 8.6.3.3 Effect of transition Metal Catalysts in Bio-Oil Upgrading -- 8.6.4 Self-Catalyzing Biomass Pyrolysis -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Using Microwave Radiation and SrO as a Catalyst for the Complete Conversion of Oils, Cooked Oils, and Microalgae to Biodiesel -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Transesterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production -- 9.3 Factors Affecting Catalytic Process for Biodiesel Production -- 9.3.1 Catalyst -- 9.3.2 Renewable Biological Sources for Triglycerides -- 9.3.3 Heating Sources -- 9.3.4 Type of Alcohol and Molar Ratio of Oil/Alcohol -- 9.4 Two-Stage Method for Biodiesel Production -- 9.5 One-Stage Method for Biodiesel Production -- 9.6 Analysis of the FAME Produced from Different Feed-Stocks -- 9.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Environmental Benefits of Integrated Algal Biorefineries for Large-Scale Biomass Conversion -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Advantages of Using Algal Biomass for Biofuel -- 10.3 Algae as Source of Biofuel.

10.4 Recent Research and Developments in Algal Biofuel.