Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Biomimetic Polysaccharides and Derivatives for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Strategies for Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 1.3 Designing Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 1.4 Natural Polysaccharides for Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 1.4.1 Chitin and Chitosan (CS)-based Materials -- 1.4.2 HA-based Materials -- 1.4.3 Alginate-based Materials -- 1.4.4 Starch-based Materials -- 1.4.5 Cellulose-based Materials -- 1.5 Conclusions and Remarks on Prospects -- References -- 2 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Mineralized Collagen-Based Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hierarchical Assembly of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils in Natural Bone -- 2.2.1 Panorama of Natural Bone -- 2.2.1.1 Chemical Composition of Bone -- 2.2.1.2 Hierarchical Organization of Natural Human Bone -- 2.2.2 Self-Assembly of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils in Nature -- 2.2.2.1 Collagen and Collagen Fibrils Array -- 2.2.2.2 Structural Organization of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils -- 2.2.2.3 Examples of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils in Natural Tissues -- 2.3 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Mineralized Fibrils -- 2.3.1 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized Collagen Fibrils -- 2.3.2 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized Recombinant Collagen Fibrils -- 2.3.3 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized Silk Fibroin Fibrils -- 2.3.4 In Vitro Self-Assembly of Mineralized Peptide-Amphiphilic Nanofibers -- 2.4 Applications of Mineralized Collagen-based Composites for Bone Regeneration -- 2.4.1 Fabrication of Nano-HA/Collagen-based Composites -- 2.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Biomimetic Bone Scaffolds: Nano-HA/Collagen/PLA Composite (nHAC/PLA).

2.4.1.2 Injectable Bone Cement: Nano-HA/Collagen/Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate (nHAC/CSH) -- 2.4.2 Functional Improvements of Mineralized Collagen-based Composites -- 2.4.3 Examples of Animal Models and Clinical Applications -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Biomimetic Mineralization of Hydrogel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Incorporation of Inorganic Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles into Hydrogels -- 3.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 3.2.2 Hydrogel Composites Based on Natural Polymer Matrices -- 3.2.3 Hydrogel Composites Based on Synthetic Polymer Matrices -- 3.3 Biomimetic Mineralization in Calcium and/or Phosphate-Containing Solutions -- 3.3.1 Soaking in Solutions Containing Calcium and Phosphate Ions -- 3.3.2 In Situ Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite -- 3.4 Enzymatically-Induced Mineralization Using Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) -- 3.4.1 ALP-Induced Hydrogel Mineralization for Fundamental Research -- 3.4.2 Enyzmatic Mineralization for Bone Regeneration Applications -- 3.4.3 ALP Entrapment -- 3.5 Enhancement of Hydrogel Mineralization Using Biomacromolecules -- 3.5.1 Systems to Test Mineralization-Inducing Potential of Biomacromolecules -- 3.5.2 Biomacromolecule-Enhanced Mineralization for Bone Regeneration Applications -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications -- 4.1 Bone Tissue Engineering and Scaffold Design -- 4.1.1 Biomimetic Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds -- 4.2 Self-Assembled Nanofiber Scaffolds -- 4.2.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties -- 4.2.2 Biological Properties of PA Scaffolds -- 4.2.3 Conclusions -- 4.3 Electrospun Scaffolds -- 4.3.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties -- 4.3.2 Biological Behavior of Electrospun Scaffolds -- 4.3.3 Conclusions -- 4.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Scaffolds.

4.4.1 Fabrication and Physical Properties -- 4.4.2 Biological Behavior of TIPS Scaffolds -- 4.4.3 Conclusions -- 4.5 Overall Trends in Biomimetic Scaffold Design -- References -- 5 Bioactive Polymers and Nanobiomaterials Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3D Polymer-Nanocomposites Scaffolds -- 5.2.1 Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching -- 5.2.2 Melt Molding -- 5.2.3 Gas-Foaming Processes -- 5.2.4 Electrostatic Spinning -- 5.2.5 Microsphere Sintering -- 5.2.6 Rapid Prototyping -- 5.3 Nonbiodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites -- 5.3.1 Polyethylene Nanocomposites -- 5.3.2 Polyamides Nanocomposites -- 5.3.3 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) Nanocomposites -- 5.3.4 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) Nanocomposites -- 5.4 Biodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites -- 5.4.1 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers and Nanocomposites -- 5.4.1.1 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites -- 5.4.1.2 Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) Nanocomposites -- 5.4.1.3 Polyglycolide and Poly(lactide-coglycolide) Nanocomposites -- 5.4.2 Natural Polysaccharide Nanocomposites -- 5.4.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan and Their Nanocomposites -- 5.4.2.2 Starch Nanocomposites -- 5.4.2.3 Cellulose Nanocomposites -- 5.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks -- References -- 6 Strategy for a Biomimetic Paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Biomimetics: Definition and Historical Background -- 6.2.1 Definition -- 6.2.2 Concept of Duplicating Nature -- 6.2.3 Strategies to Achieve Biomimetic Engineering -- 6.2.3.1 Physical Properties -- 6.2.3.2 Specific Chemical Signals from Peptide Epitopes Contained in a Wide Variety of Extracelluar Matrix Molecules -- 6.2.3.3 The Hierarchal Nanoscale Topography of Microenvironmental Adhesive Sites.

6.3 Developmental Biology in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering: Biomimetics in Development and Growth (e.g. model of wound healing) -- 6.4 The Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: Biomimetic Approaches to Stimulate Endogenous Repair and Regeneration -- 6.4.1 Harnessing Endogenous Repair via Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 6.4.2 Inflammation, Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair -- 6.4.3 Biomimetic Model of Nature's Response to Injury? -- 6.5 Extracellular Matrix Nano-Biomimetics for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering -- 6.5.1 Nanotechnology for Biomimetic Substrates -- 6.5.2 From Macro to Nano: Dentin-Pulp Organ Perspective -- 6.5.3 Nanotechnology for Engineering Craniofacial Mineralized Collagenous Structures -- 6.6 Biomimetic Surfaces, Implications for Dental and Craniofacial Regeneration -- Biomaterial as Instructive Microenvironments -- 6.6.1 Biology of Osseointegration -- 6.6.2 Implant Surface Modification: Laser Micromachining and Biomimetic Coating -- 6.7 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Inosculation for Life-Sustained Regenerative Therapy -- The Platform for Biomimicry in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering -- 6.7.1 Vascularization to Reach Biomimicry -- A Prerequisite for Life Sustained Regeneration -- 6.7.2 Patterns of Construct Vascularization -- 6.7.2.1 Angiogenesis -- 6.7.2.2 Vasculogenesis -- 6.7.2.3 Inosculation -- 6.7.3 Biomimicry to Reach Vascularization -- Simulating a Vascularizing Milieu -- 6.7.3.1 Scaffold Properties -- 6.7.3.2 Growth Factor Incorporation -- 6.7.3.3 Coculture Techniques -- 6.7.3.4 Creating Vascular Patterns -- 6.7.3.5 Back to Nature -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells -- 7.2.1 Architecture of Bacterial Cell -- 7.2.2 Bacterial Growth Behavior In Vitro.

7.2.3 Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation -- 7.2.4 Physicochemical Interactions between Bacteria and Surfaces -- 7.2.4.1 Factors Influencing Bacterial Adhesion -- 7.2.5 Synthetic Biomaterials with Microbial Resistance Property -- 7.2.5.1 Glass-Ceramics -- 7.2.5.2 HA-based Biocomposites with Bactericidal Property -- 7.2.5.3 Nanoparticles Treatment to Reduce Bacterial Infection -- 7.2.5.4 HA-based Magnetic Biocomposites -- 7.2.6 Influence of External Field on Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Growth -- 7.2.6.1 Electric Field -- 7.2.6.2 Magnetic Field -- 7.3 Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Nanostructured Selenium - A Novel Biologically-Inspired Material for Antibacterial Medical Device Applications -- 8.1 Bacterial Biofilm Infections on Implant Materials -- 8.2 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Implant Applications -- 8.3 Selenium and Nanostructured Selenium -- 8.4 Selenium Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications -- 8.4.1 Antibacterial Properties of Selenium Compounds -- 8.4.2 Selenium Nanoparticles Inhibit Staphylococcus Aureus Growth -- 8.4.3 Selenium Nanoparticles for Preventing Biofilm Formation on Polycarbonate Medical Devices -- 8.4.4 Preventing Bacterial Growth on Paper Towels -- 8.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 9 Hydroxyapatite-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres Toward Injectable Cell Scaffold -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pickering Emulsion -- 9.2.1 What is a Pickering Emulsion? -- 9.2.2 Pickering Emulsion Stabilized with Nanosized HAp Particles -- 9.3 Fabrication of HAp-Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres by Pickering Emulsion Method -- 9.3.1 Fabrication of HAp-Commodity Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres -- 9.3.2 Fabrication of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres -- 9.3.3 Fabrication of Multihollow HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres.

9.4 Evaluation of Cell Adhesion Properties of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres.