Stevioside -- Copyright -- Contents -- Authors' biographies -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of figures -- List of tables -- 1 Introduction to stevioside -- 1.1 History of Stevia -- 1.2 Composition of Stevia -- 1.3 Source of stevioside -- 1.4 Physicochemical and biological properties of steviol glycosides -- 1.5 Analysis of stevioside (steviol glycosides) and Stevia extract -- References -- 2 Health benefits and pharmacological effects of steviol glycosides -- 2.1 Effect of stevioside in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion -- 2.2 Antihyperglycaemic effect -- 2.3 Antihypertensive effect -- 2.4 Anti-inflammatory effect -- 2.5 Anticarcinogenic antitumour effects -- 2.6 Antioxidant activity -- 2.7 Antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal effects -- 2.8 Effect on renal function -- References -- 3 Applications of stevioside -- References -- 4 Conventional extraction processes of stevioside -- 4.1 Ion exchange -- 4.2 Solvent extraction -- 4.3 Extraction by chelating agents -- 4.4 Adsorption and chromatographic separation -- 4.5 Ultrasonic extraction -- 4.6 Microwave-assisted extraction -- 4.7 Supercritical fluid extraction -- References -- 5 Brief introduction to pressure-driven membrane-based processes -- 5.1 Advantages of the membrane-based process -- 5.2 Classification of the processes -- 5.2.1 Reverse osmosis -- 5.2.2 Nanofiltration -- 5.2.3 Ultrafiltration -- 5.2.4 Microfiltration -- 5.3 Characterisation of membranes -- 5.3.1 Membrane permeability (Lp) -- 5.3.2 Retention -- 5.3.3 Molecular weight cut-off -- 5.4 Membrane modules (Bungay et al. 1986 -- Ho and Sirkar 1992 -- Rautenbach and Albrecht 1986) -- 5.4.1 Plate and frame module -- 5.4.2 Tubular module -- 5.4.3 Hollow-fibre module -- 5.4.4 Spiral-wound module -- 5.5 Limitations -- 5.5.1 Concentration polarisation -- 5.5.2 Membrane fouling and cleaning.

5.6 Quantification of concentration polarisation -- 5.6.1 Osmotic pressure-controlled model -- 5.6.2 Gel layer controlling model -- 5.7 Applications of membrane-based processes -- 5.7.1 Reverse osmosis -- 5.7.2 Nanofiltration -- 5.7.3 Ultrafiltration -- 5.7.4 Microfiltration -- References -- 6 State of the art of stevioside processing using membrane-based filtration -- 6.1 Clarification and purification -- 6.2 Concentration by nanofiltration -- 6.3 Limitations -- References -- 7 Detailed membrane-based technologies for extraction of stevioside -- 7.1 Outline of processing -- 7.2 Optimisation of water extraction process -- 7.2.1 Stevioside -- 7.3 Optimisation of primary clarification (centrifugation or microfiltration) -- 7.3.1 Colour -- 7.3.2 Clarity -- 7.3.3 Total solids -- 7.3.4 Stevioside -- 7.3.5 Optimisation -- 7.3.6 Microfiltration -- 7.3.7 Comparison -- 7.4 Selection of membrane -- 7.5 Optimisation of operating conditions -- 7.6 Mechanism of flux decline -- 7.6.1 Characteristic flux decline profile -- 7.6.2 Response surface model -- 7.7 Ultrafiltration of primary clarified Stevia extract -- 7.7.1 Unstirred batch cell studies -- 7.7.2 Stirred batch cell studies -- 7.7.3 Cross-flow ultrafiltration -- 7.8 Concentration by nanofiltration -- References -- 8 Performance modelling of stevioside separation using membrane processing -- 8.1 Modelling of stirred ultrafiltration -- 8.1.1 Steady-state model -- 8.1.2 Transient model -- 8.1.3 Transient state -- 8.2 Modelling of cross-flow ultrafiltration -- 8.2.1 Steady-state model (total recycle mode) -- 8.2.2 Batch concentration mode (theory) -- 8.3 Steady state -- 8.4 Transient state -- 8.4.1 Batch concentration mode -- Nomenclature -- References -- 9 Enhancement of stevioside recovery by diafiltration -- 9.1 Multiple stage diafiltration -- References -- 10 Economics of the process -- References -- Index.

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