Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter One Introduction -- Chapter Two Berber and Arabic -- 2.1 The Afroasiatic Heritage -- 2.2 Berber Classification -- 2.3 Maghribian Arabic and the Arabicization of Northern Africa -- 2.4 Sociolinguistics of Berber-Arabic Contact -- 2.5 Diglossia and the Arabic Influence on Berber -- 2.6 The Dating of Arabic-Based Berber Innovations -- Chapter Three Berber in Contact: The Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods -- 3.1 Proto-Berber -- 3.2 Pre-Roman Loans in Berber -- 3.3 Latin Loans in Berber -- 3.4 Early Islamic Terminology -- Chapter Four Lexicon -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Core Borrowings vs. Cultural Borrowings -- 4.1.2 Additive Borrowing -- 4.1.3 Substitutive Borrowing -- 4.1.4 Diglossic Insertion -- 4.2 Quantitative Approaches -- 4.3 Text Frequency of Arabic Borrowings -- 4.4 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: The LWT Sample -- 4.5 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: Core Vocabulary -- 4.5.1 Borrowing Lists of Basic Vocabulary -- 4.5.2 Borrowing Rates in a Number of Standard Lists -- 4.5.3 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Quantitative Results -- 4.5.4 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Detailed Lexical Study -- 4.6 Borrowings in Core Vocabulary: A Sample Survey in Nouns -- 4.6.1 Body Parts -- 4.6.2 Natural Phenomena -- 4.6.3 Insects and other Small Non-Vertebrates -- 4.6.4 Metals -- 4.6.5 Cultivated Plants -- 4.6.6 Domestic Animals -- 4.7 Verbs -- 4.7.1 Verbs in Basic Word Lists -- 4.7.2 Verbs according to Activity Types and Contexts -- 4.7.3 Verbs of the Household Context -- 4.7.4 Verbs of Agriculture -- 4.7.5 Verbs of the Market Context -- 4.7.6 Movement Verbs -- 4.7.7 Verbs of Cognition and Emotion -- 4.7.8 Transitive Actions with (Normally) Inanimate Objects -- Chapter Five Phonology -- 5.1 Phonological Systems of Berber and Arabic -- 5.2 The Earliest Stratum of Loanwords.

5.3 Later Loanwords -- 5.3.1 Arabic Loans and Berber-Internal Innovations -- 5.3.2 The Integration of Foreign Phonemes -- 5.3.2.1 The Fate of ṣ and ṣṣ -- 5.3.2.2 The Fate of ḍ and ṭ and Their Long Counterparts -- 5.3.2.3 The Fate of Arabic q -- 5.3.2.4 The Fate of Arabic x, ḥ and ɛ -- 5.3.2.5 Some Rare Berber Consonants Strengthened by Arabic -- 5.4 The Use of Arabic Sounds in Non-Arabic Words -- Chapter Six Nominal Morphology -- 6.1 General Overview of the Two Systems -- 6.2 Integrated Borrowings -- 6.2.1 Non-Integrated Borrowings: General Features -- 6.2.2 Paradigmatic Gender Relationship in Non-Integrated Borrowings -- 6.3 Integrated Borrowings with Retention of the Arabic Article -- 6.4 Non-integrated Borrowings Lacking the Arabic Article -- 6.5 The Distribution of Integrated and Non-Integrated Borrowings over the Lexicon -- 6.6 Comparing Berber Morphology and Non-Integrated Morphology -- Chapter Seven Verbal Morphology -- 7.1 General Morphological Facts -- 7.2 Arabic Derived Forms in Berber -- 7.3 The Insertion of Arabic Verb Shapes into Berber Morphology -- 7.3.1 The Treatment of Verbs without a Plain Vowel in Arabic -- 7.3.1.1 CCC Verbs and Longer Stems -- 7.3.1.2 C1C2C2 Verbs -- 7.3.1.3 Arabic Aspectual Apophony in Borrowed Arabic Verbs without a Plain Vowel -- 7.3.2 The Integration of Arabic Verbs with a Final Vowel -- 7.3.2.1 First Stem Verbs -- 7.3.2.2 Other Stem Forms -- 7.3.2.3 Vowel-final Arabic Verbs and the Question of Imperfect Vocalization -- 7.3.3 Integrating Arabic Verbs with an Initial or Internal Plain Vowel -- 7.3.3.1 Verbs with Initial Ɂa -- 7.3.3.2 Verbs with an Internal Vowel, Excepting CVC Verbs -- 7.3.3.3 CVC Verbs -- 7.4 Taking over Arabic Inflection -- 7.5 Labile Valency in Borrowed Verbs -- 7.6 Stative Verbs and Adjectives -- Chapter Eight Borrowing of Morphological Categories -- 8.1 Adjectives.

8.2 Collective Nouns Versus Unit Nouns -- 8.3 Arabic Participles -- 8.4 Diminutives -- 8.5 Adjectival Grading -- Chapter Nine Other Categories: Pronouns and Quantifiers -- 9.1 Personal Pronouns -- 9.1.1 Arabic Pronominal Forms with Borrowed Particles -- 9.1.2 Arabic Pronouns Bound to Borrowed Verbs -- 9.1.3 Arabic Independent Pronouns after the Presentative Particle ha -- 9.1.4 Arabic Reciprocal Pronouns -- 9.2 Interrogatives -- 9.2.1 Interrogatives 'who' and 'what' -- 9.2.2 Adverbial Interrogatives -- 9.2.3 'which' -- 9.2.4 Yes/No Questions -- 9.3 Numerals -- 9.3.1 Cardinal Numbers -- 9.3.2 Fractions -- 9.3.3 Ordinal Numbers -- 9.4 Universal Quantifiers -- Chapter Ten Syntax: Simple Clause -- 10.1 Deixis -- 10.2 Negation -- 10.2.1 Verbal Negation -- 10.2.1.1 The Use of Arabic Pre-Verbal Negators in Berber -- 10.2.1.2 The Second Part of the Negation -- 10.2.2 Negation of Non-Verbal Predicates -- Chapter Eleven Syntax: Complex Sentences -- 11.1 Coordination -- 11.1.1 NP Coordination -- 11.1.2 Clause Coordination -- 11.1.2.1 Borrowing of the Arabic Conjunction w ~ u -- 11.1.2.2 Clause Coordination by Means of d -- 11.1.2.3 d as a Clause Coordinator Only before NPs -- 11.1.3 Conjunction of Subordinate Clauses -- 11.1.4 Conclusions on Coordination -- 11.1.5 Disjunction -- 11.1.6 Adversative Conjunctions -- 11.1.7 General Assessment on Types of Coordination -- 11.2 Subordinating Conjunctions -- 11.2.1 The System of Temporal and Conditional Subordination -- 11.2.2 The Impact of Arabic -- Chapter Twelve Syntax: Relative Clauses -- 12.1 General Overview of the Systems -- 12.2 The Difference between Relative Constructions with Definite Heads and Those with an Indefinite Head -- 12.3 The Use of Resumptive Pronouns in Non-Paratactic RCs -- 12.4 The Use of Special Elements Introducing RCs -- 12.4.1 Pronominal Elements as RC Markers.

12.4.2 The Specialisation of One Specific Deictic Clitic to the Head for Signalling the Following RC -- 12.4.3 The Extension of Interrogative Markers to RC Contexts and other Pronominal Solutions -- 12.4.4 The Introduction of a Dedicated Relative Marker Through Grammaticalization or Otherwise -- 12.5 Conclusions -- Chapter Thirteen Conclusions -- 13.1 General Characteristics: Phonology -- 13.2 General Characteristics: Morphology -- 13.3 General Characteristics: Syntax -- 13.4 General Characteristics: Lexicon -- 13.5 Comparison of Borrowing in Different Berber Varieties -- 13.6 A Characterization of Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Berber -- 13.7 Arabic Influence on Berber and the Typology of Contact-Induced Change -- 13.8 Arabic Borrowing in Berber and Language Mixing -- References -- Index.