Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Chapter One: Introduction -- Chapter Two: RAND's Evaluation of the New Leaders Program -- Program Overview -- Student Outcome Analysis -- Additional Components of the Evaluation -- Chapter Three: Challenges in Using Outcome Data to Evaluate School Leadership Improvement Efforts -- Using Student Outcome Measures -- Inconsistency in Outcome Measures -- Measure Manipulation -- Tracking Students Across Districts -- Lack of Adequate High School Outcome Measures -- Effects of Student Dropout -- Timing of Data and Impact -- Controlling for Student Characteristics -- Unobserved Characteristics -- Observed Characteristics -- Accounting for School Context -- Determining Appropriate Comparison Schools -- Developing Measures of School Context -- Measuring Principal Impact in Differing Contexts -- Controlling for Principal Characteristics -- Quality and Availability of Principal Tenure Data -- Variation in Principal Career and Training Paths. -- Incorporating Multiple Measures -- Chapter Four: Conclusion -- References.