Contents -- List of tables -- List of figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Definitions and theoretical preliminaries -- Contact languages in pidgincreole contexts -- Adstrate, substrate, lexifier -- Advances in the substrate camp -- Treatment of adstrates -- Linguistic areas, convergence, and (pidgin)creoles -- Congruence in a typological matrix and convergence in location marking -- Outline and content of the case studies -- Locative structures and constructional pairings -- Chapter 1. Spatial semantics in West African pidgincreoles -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A general overview of Krio, Nigerian Pidgin, and Ghanaian Pidgin English -- 1.1.1 Krio -- 1.1.1.1 Locative structures in Krio -- 1.1.2 Nigerian Pidgin -- 1.1.2.1 Locative structures in Nigerian Pidgin -- 1.1.3 Ghanaian Pidgin English -- 1.1.3.1 Locative structures in Ghanaian Pidgin English -- 1.1.3.2 Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 1.2 Remarks on the diachrony of the locative copula de -- 1.3 Methodologies for the study of spatial semantics in West African pidgincreoles -- Chapter 2. Locative predication in Guinea Coast languages: a survey of features in the West African (Pidgin)Creoles' extended typological matrix -- 2 Introduction -- 2.1 Locative predication -- 2.1.1 Spatial grams: or spatial-relational items, adpositions, and affixes -- 2.1.2 A general impression of spatial grams in Niger-Congo languages -- 2.1.3 Multiple meaning-function constructions -- 2.2 Upper Guinea Coast languages and the provenance of locative predication in West African (pidgin)creoles -- 2.2.1 Atlantic languages of the Guinea Coast and the immediate hinterland -- 2.2.1.1 Wolof, Serer, Fula (Pulaar) -- 2.2.1.2 The BAK group: Dyola, Pepel-Mandyak, Balanta -- 2.2.1.3 Banyun, Biafada, Bidyogo.

2.2.1.4 The Sapi group of Mel languages: Landuma, Baga, Temne, Gola, Bullom -- 2.2.2 Mande languages of the Guinea Coast and the immediate hinterland -- 2.2.2.1 Manding, Vai, Susu -- 2.2.2.2 Mende and Liberian Kpelle -- 2.2.3 Kru languages of the Guinea Coast and the immediate hinterland -- 2.2.3.1 Klao and Grebo -- 2.2.4 Dominant features of locative predication in languages of the Upper Guinea Coast -- 2.3 Languages of the Lower Guinea Coast and the hinterland: Benue-Kwa and Ijoid -- 2.3.1 The Kwa group -- 2.3.1.1 Akan dialect cluster, Awutu, Nzema -- 2.3.1.2 Ga and Adangme -- 2.3.1.3 Ewe -- 2.3.2 The Benue-Congo group -- 2.3.2.1 Yoruboid -- 2.3.2.2 Edoid -- 2.3.2.3 Igboid -- 2.3.2.4 Cross River -- 2.3.2.5 Bantoid -- 2.3.3 The Ijoid group -- 2.3.4 Dominant features of locative predication in languages of the Lower Guinea Coast -- 2.4 West African pidgincreoles and their creole kin -- 2.4.1 Lingua de Preto, a linguistic foundation for West African Portuguese-lexifier creoles -- 2.4.1.1 Early Portuguese-lexifier pidgin in West Africa -- 2.4.2 Guinea-Bissau Creole and Cape Verdean Creole -- 2.4.3 Early West African English-lexifier creole, or Guinea Coast Creole English -- 2.4.4 Afro-Caribbean -- 2.4.5 Jamaican Maroon Spirit Language -- 2.4.6 Krio -- 2.4.7 Early West African English-lexifier pidgin and present-day pidgincreoles -- 2.4.8 Summary -- Chapter 3.Topological spatial relations in Ghanaian Student Pidgin: an exercise in semantic typology in a West African pidgincreole context -- 3 Introduction -- 3.1 Tools to study the BLC -- 3.2 Specialized terminology in the literature on spatial language -- 3.3 Schematizing the TRPS -- 3.4 Research in semantic typology and what it means for pidgin and creole studies -- 3.4.1 Acquisition of spatial semantics.

3.4.2 Orthodox assumptions about spatial language -- 3.4.3 BLC hierarchy -- 3.4.4 Typology of locative predication -- 3.4.5 Data collection and research questions -- 3.5 Spatial grams in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.5.1 Research question 1: Which spatial grams are used to encode search domain information in Ghanaian Student Pidgin? -- 3.5.2 Observations on the possessive character of nominal-derived spatial grams -- 3.5.3 Im body -- 3.5.4 Prenominal spatial grams in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.6 The BLC in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.6.1 Research question 2: Which linguistic sources have the greatest influence on the expression of locative predication in Ghanaian Student Pidgin? -- 3.6.1.1 Situation I: Piercing -- 3.6.1.2 Situation II: Firm attachment -- 3.6.1.3 Situation III: Negative space -- 3.6.1.4 Situation IV: Part-whole -- 3.6.1.5 Situation V: Clothing and adornment -- 3.6.1.6 Situation VI: Movable objects -- 3.6.2 Extensional range of im body and (im) top in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.6.2.1 Im body and corresponding spatial grams in Twi and English -- 3.6.2.2 (Im) top and corresponding spatial grams in Twi and English -- 3.6.3 Variation in locative predication in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.6.3.1 Adornment scenes -- 3.6.3.2 Part-whole scenes -- 3.6.3.3 Attachment scenes -- 3.6.3.4 Piercing scenes -- 3.7 Uses of the general spatial gram for in Ghanaian Student Pidgin -- 3.7.1 Research question 3: What motivates or constrains the use of for in locative descriptions in Ghanaian Student Pidgin? -- 3.7.2 Distribution of for in the TRPS data -- 3.8 Summary -- Chapter 4. Meanings and functions of for in Nigerian Pidgin and Ghanaian Pidgin English -- 4 Introduction -- 4.1 The multiple meaning-function construction in West African pidgincreoles -- 4.2 Cognitive semantics for creolistics.

4.2.1 Linguistic categorization -- 4.2.2 Image schemas -- 4.2.3 Summary -- 4.3 Spatial image schemas and for -- 4.3.1 MMFCs and Benue-Kwa and Ijoid languages -- 4.4 Scalar: SOURCE-PATH-GOAL and for -- 4.5 Unity-multiplicity: LINK, MERGING, PART-WHOLE, and for -- 4.5.1 Instrumental -- 4.5.2 Comitative -- 4.6 Different uses of for in Nigerian Pidgin and Ghanaian Pidgin English: a focus on de for -- 4.6.1 Deconstructing de for in written and spoken Nigerian Pidgin -- 4.6.2 Methodology -- 4.6.3 Findings in the spoken and written Nigerian Pidgin data -- 4.6.4 De for in the description of topological spatial relations in Nigerian Pidgin -- 4.6.5 Findings in the TRPS Nigerian Pidgin data -- 4.6.6 Constructions similar to de for in English-lexifier creoles -- Chapter 5. Sources of locative for in Nigerian Pidgin and Ghanaian Pidgin English -- 5 Introduction -- 5.1 On for and similar constructions in Atlantic creoles -- 5.2 The Portuguese-lexifier creole component -- 5.2.1 Guinea Coast contributions to the general spatial gram na -- 5.3 The Guinea Coast component: general spatial gram as areal feature -- 5.3.1 Upper Guinea languages -- 5.3.2 Lower Guinea languages -- 5.4 Where did for come from? -- 5.4.1 The European component -- 5.4.2 Sociétés de cohabitation and the Gold Coast entrepôt at Elmina -- 5.5 Akan locatives in the emergence of for -- 5.5.1 Locative w? in the Akan dialect cluster -- 5.6 Summary -- Chapter 6. Concluding remarks -- 6 Overview -- 6.1 Features of locative predication acquired from Guinea Coast languages -- 6.1.1 A note on de and possessive constructions in Akan -- 6.2 Semantic typology and the study of West African pidgincreoles -- 6.2.1 Issues with the stimulus -- answers from the pidgincreole data.

6.2.2 Future exercises in semantic typology in the (pidgin) creole context -- 6.3 Cognitive semantics meets creole linguistics -- 6.3.1 A corpus linguistic study of de for -- 6.4 Arenas of language contact and the actors who shape contact languages -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 6.5.1 Domestic origins of spatial semantics in West African pidgincreoles -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Index.