Front Cover -- Advanced Ceramics for Dentistry -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Teeth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Microstructure of Teeth -- 2.2.1 Enamel -- 2.2.2 Dentin -- 2.2.3 Cementum -- 2.2.4 Pulp -- 2.3 Optical Properties of Teeth -- 2.3.1 Color -- 2.3.2 Opacity and Translucency -- 2.3.3 Fluorescence -- 2.3.4 Opalescence -- 2.3.5 Metamerism -- 2.4 Mechanical Properties of Teeth -- 2.5 Common Defects and Damage -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Dental Prostheses -- 3.1 Introduction of Prosthodontics and Dental Prostheses -- 3.2 Restoration of Tooth Defects -- 3.2.1 Direct Fillings -- 3.2.2 Inlays and Onlays -- 3.2.3 Laminate Veneers -- 3.2.4 Partial Crowns -- 3.2.5 Full Crowns -- 3.2.6 Post-and-core -- 3.3 Restoration of Partial Edentulism -- 3.3.1 Fixed Partial Dentures -- 3.3.2 Bonded Bridges -- 3.3.3 Removable Partial Dentures -- 3.3.4 Precise Attachment Dentures -- 3.4 Restoration of Complete Edentulism -- 3.4.1 Complete Dentures -- 3.4.2 Overdentures -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Dental Implants -- 4.1 Principle Structure of Dental Implants -- 4.1.1 Classification of Implantation and Loading Mode -- 4.1.2 Classification by Time of Implantation After Tooth Loss -- 4.1.3 Indications -- 4.1.4 Indication Limitation -- 4.1.5 Contraindications -- 4.1.6 Advantages of Implants -- 4.1.7 Disadvantages of Implants -- 4.1.8 Implant Materials: Titanium vs. Zirconia -- 4.1.9 History of Ceramic Implants -- 4.1.10 Properties of Ceramics -- 4.1.11 Advantages of Ceramic Implants -- 4.1.12 Disadvantages of Ceramic Implants -- 4.2 Implants -- 4.2.1 Implant Types -- 4.2.2 Implant Forms -- 4.2.3 One-piece and Multi-part Systems -- 4.2.4 Survival Rates -- 4.3 Abutments -- 4.3.1 Abutment Design: Individually Produced vs. Prefabricated -- 4.3.2 Survival Rates of Ceramic Abutments.

4.4 Suprastructure -- 4.5 Clinical Procedures -- 4.5.1 Surgical Procedure -- 4.5.1.1 Pre-Surgical Planning -- 4.5.1.2 Intra-operative Behavior -- 4.5.1.3 Post-surgical Behavior and Education -- 4.5.2 Complications -- 4.5.2.1 Intra-operative Complications -- 4.5.2.2 Post-operative Complications -- 4.6 Fitting and Bite Force -- 4.6.1 Fitting of Ceramic Implants -- 4.6.2 Bite Force and Fracture Risk of Implants -- 4.7 Infection Management -- 4.8 Osseointegration -- References -- 5 Clinical Failures of Ceramic Dental Prostheses -- 5.1 Fractographic Analysis of Ceramics and Glasses -- 5.1.1 Tools and Equipment -- 5.1.2 Fracture Patterns and Origins -- 5.1.3 Fracture Surface Examination -- 5.2 Failures of Ceramic Dental Prostheses -- 5.2.1 Fracture Features -- 5.2.1.1 Cracking Initiated at the Margin -- 5.2.1.2 Cracking Initiated at Occlusal Contacts -- 5.2.1.3 Porcelain Chipping and Delamination -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Failure Origin -- 5.2.2.1 Failure Origins as Defects or Flaws -- 5.2.2.2 Hertzian Cone Cracks Under Compressive Stress -- 5.2.2.3 Cracks at Interface Under Tensile Stress -- 5.2.3 Flaws and Defects -- 5.2.3.1 Flaws/Defects and Failure Origins -- 5.2.3.2 Defects in Porcelain -- Gas Bubbles -- Inclusions -- Agglomerates -- Compositional Inhomogeneities -- 5.2.3.3 Defects in Ceramics -- Voids -- Porous Regions and Seams -- Agglomerates -- Compositional Inhomogeneities -- Large Grains -- 5.2.3.4 Classification of Flaws/Defects -- 5.2.4 Wear -- 5.2.5 Fractographic Case Studies -- 5.2.5.1 Zirconia/Porcelain Bi-layer All-ceramic Crown -- 5.2.5.2 Alumina/Porcelain Crown -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Advanced Ceramics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Classification -- 6.1.2 Historical Development -- 6.2 Hierarchical Structures -- 6.2.1 Atomic Bonding and Atomic Level Defects -- 6.2.2 Microstructure -- 6.3 Structure-Property Relations.

6.3.1 Intrinsic Physical and Chemical Properties of Individual Crystalline Grains -- 6.3.1.1 Optical Properties -- 6.3.1.2 Mechanical Strength -- 6.3.1.3 Chemical (Biological) and Thermal Stability -- 6.3.1.4 Functional Properties -- 6.3.2 Properties Determined by Microstructure -- 6.3.2.1 Properties Determined by Particle-packing Defects -- 6.3.2.2 Properties Determined by Grain Boundaries -- 6.3.2.3 Properties Determined by Porosity and Pore Size -- 6.3.2.4 Properties Determined by Grain Size -- 6.3.2.5 Properties Determined by Grain Morphology -- 6.3.2.6 Properties Determined by Phase Transformation -- 6.4 Optical Properties -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 7 Advanced Ceramic Processes -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Powder Treatment -- 7.3 Shape-Forming Processes -- 7.3.1 Dry Shaping Methods -- 7.3.1.1 Uniaxial Pressing -- 7.3.1.2 Isostatic Pressing -- 7.3.1.3 Powder Granulation -- 7.3.2 Wet Shaping Methods -- 7.3.2.1 Colloidal Suspensions -- 7.3.2.2 Slip Casting and Related Methods -- 7.3.2.3 Direct Casting Methods -- 7.3.2.4 Tape Casting -- 7.3.3 Plastic Shaping Methods -- 7.3.3.1 Injection Molding -- 7.3.3.2 Extrusion -- 7.3.4 Solid Free-form Fabrication -- 7.4 Drying and Binder Removal -- 7.4.1 Drying of Porous Bodies -- 7.4.2 Binder Removal -- 7.5 Sintering -- 7.5.1 Fundamentals of Sintering: Thermodynamics and Kinetics -- 7.5.2 Classification of Sintering Methods -- 7.5.2.1 Pressure-less Sintering -- 7.5.2.2 Pressure-assisted Sintering -- 7.5.2.3 Hot Isostatic Pressing -- 7.5.2.4 Hot Pressing -- 7.5.2.5 Spark Plasma Sintering -- 7.5.3 Influence of Sintering Atmosphere -- References -- 8 Microstructure Characterization of Advanced Ceramics -- 8.1 Surface Topography -- 8.2 Porosity and Pore Structure -- 8.3 Microscopic Defects -- 8.4 Interfacial Bonding Structures -- References.

9 Mechanical Properties and Reliability of Advanced Ceramics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fracture Mechanics -- 9.2.1 Damage Mechanisms -- 9.2.2 Basic Fracture Mechanics Principles and their Application to Brittle Fracture -- 9.2.3 Probabilistic Aspects of Brittle Fracture -- 9.2.3.1 Weibull Distribution -- 9.2.3.2 Inhomogeneous Stress Fields -- 9.2.3.3 Multi-axial Stress Field -- 9.2.3.4 Size Effect on Strength -- 9.2.3.5 Influence of Flaw Populations on Fracture Statistics -- 9.2.3.6 A Simple Example for Designing with Ceramics -- 9.3 Sub-Critical Crack Growth -- 9.3.1 Sub-critical Crack Growth Under Constant Load -- 9.3.2 Sub-critical Crack Growth Under Varying Load -- 9.3.3 Proof Testing -- 9.4 Fatigue -- 9.5 Other Reasons for Damage -- 9.5.1 Thermal Shock Damage -- 9.5.2 Contact Damage -- 9.6 Mechanical Testing of Advanced Ceramics -- 9.6.1 Flexure Tests -- 9.6.2 Biaxial Tests -- 9.6.3 Strength Statistics -- 9.6.4 Fracture Toughness -- 9.7 Fractography -- 9.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Interfaces Between Tissues and Ceramics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methodologies -- 10.3 Interface between Ceramic Implants and Bone -- 10.4 Interface between Porous Ceramic Implants and Bone -- 10.5 Interface between Ceramics and Soft Tissues -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Alumina- and Zirconia-based Ceramics for Load-bearing Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Alumina in Dentistry -- 11.2.1 Structure of Alumina -- 11.2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 11.2.3 Biocompatibility of Alumina -- 11.3 Zirconia in Dentistry -- 11.3.1 Structure of Zirconia -- 11.3.1.1 Yttria-stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (Y-TZP) -- 11.3.1.2 Magnesia Partially-stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ) -- 11.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Zirconia -- 11.3.2.1 Low-temperature Degradation -- 11.3.3 Zirconia Radioactivity -- 11.3.4 Optical Properties.

11.3.5 Biocompatibility -- 11.4 Alumina-Zirconia Composites in Dentistry -- 11.4.1 Structure -- 11.4.2 Mechanical Properties -- 11.4.3 Biocompatibility -- 11.5 Adhesion -- References -- 12 Dental Glasses and Glass-ceramics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Classes of Dental Glass-Ceramics -- 12.2.1 Feldspathic Porcelains -- 12.2.2 Reinforced Feldspathic Porcelain -- 12.2.3 Fluormica Glass-ceramics -- 12.2.4 Leucite Glass-ceramics -- 12.2.5 Lithium Disilicate Glass-ceramics -- 12.2.6 Fluorapatite Glass-Ceramics -- 12.2.7 Glass-infiltrated Oxide Ceramics -- 12.2.8 Summary Table -- 12.3 Limitations and Challenges -- 12.4 Future Development -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Requirements of Bioactive Ceramics for Dental Implants and Scaffolds -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Osseointegration -- 13.3 Phenomenological View of Bioactivity -- 13.3.1 Bioactivity and Simulated Body Fluid Test -- 13.3.2 Bone Formation by Distant and Contact Osteogenesis -- 13.3.3 Bioactive Versus Osseoconductive -- 13.4 Biological View of Bioactivity -- 13.4.1 De Novo Bone Formation at Foreign Surfaces -- 13.4.2 Balance Between Osteoblast and Osteoclast Cells -- 13.5 Load-Bearing Dental Implants -- 13.5.1 Anti-infection and Antimicrobial Effect -- 13.5.2 Surface-induced Calcium Phosphate Crystallization -- 13.5.3 Choosing the Material -- 13.6 Morphogenetically Active Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 13.6.1 3D Matrices Mimicking the Natural Cellular Environment -- 13.6.2 Bone Scaffold Materials and Their Fabrication Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Surface Modifications of Load-Bearing Ceramics for Improved Osseointegration -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Modifications of Surface Topography -- 14.3 Modifications of Surface Chemistry -- 14.3.1 Chemical Treatments -- 14.3.2 Physical Treatments -- 14.3.3 Bioactive Coatings.

14.3.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Coatings.