Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Preface to the First Edition -- About the Companion Website -- 1: Introduction to anatomy and physiology -- Anatomy and physiology -- Levels of organization -- Homeostasis -- Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms -- Feedback systems -- Negative feedback system -- Positive feedback system -- Anatomical nomenclature -- Directional and positional terms -- Body planes -- Body cavities and membranes -- References -- 2: The cell: The common physiological denominator -- Cells: A common denominator -- Water: The universal solvent -- Cellular organelles -- Fluid mosaic model -- Microscopy techniques -- Organelles of the cytoplasm -- Nuclear structure -- Cell growth and differentiation -- Stages of the cell cycle -- Stages of mitosis -- Regulators of cell division -- Macromolecules and cellular physiology -- Proteins -- Carbohydrates -- Lipids -- Nucleic acids -- Cellular biochemistry -- Chemical bonds -- Chemical reactions -- Significance of enzymes -- Extracellular environment and cell function -- Osmosis -- Transport mechanisms -- References -- 3: Fundamental biochemical pathways and processes in cellular physiology -- Metabolism and energetic definitions -- Production of ATP -- Glycolysis -- The Cori cycle -- The Krebs cycle -- Intermediary metabolism: processing and pathways -- Glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycolysis -- Lipogenesis and lipolysis -- Interconversions and catabolism of proteins -- Structure and function of DNA and RNA -- Protein synthesis -- References -- 4: Tissue structure and organization -- Introduction -- Microscope general points -- Terminology and definitions -- Epithelial tissue -- Epithelial tissue characteristics -- Simple epithelium -- Stratified epithelium -- Epithelial cell junctions -- Glandular epithelial types -- Connective tissue.

Classification of connective tissue -- Specialized connective tissues -- Muscle tissue -- Skeletal muscle -- Cardiac muscle -- Smooth muscle -- Nervous tissue -- References -- 5: Integumentary system -- Overview of skin structure -- Epidermis -- Dermis -- Specialized structures -- Biochemical properties of skin -- Skin and coat color -- Vitamin D metabolism -- Nails, claws, hoofs, and feathers -- Horns -- Feathers -- Leather -- References -- 6: Bones and skeletal system -- Bones -- Introduction -- Classification of bones -- Bone structure -- Gross anatomy -- Microscopic anatomy of bone -- Chemical composition of bone -- Hematopoietic tissue in bones -- Bone development -- Intramembranous ossification -- Endochondral ossification -- Bone growth, remodeling, and repair -- Bone growth -- Bone remodeling and repair -- Repair of fractures -- Homeostatic imbalances of bone -- Osteomalacia and rickets -- Parturient paresis (milk fever) -- Egg-laying fatigue in birds -- Bones and skeleton -- Markings on bones -- Skeleton -- Skeletal cartilage -- Skeleton classification -- Axial skeleton -- The skull -- The vertebral column -- Appendicular skeleton -- Thoracic limbs -- Pelvic limbs -- Avian skeleton -- Joints -- Types of joints -- Synovial joints -- Specific joints -- Intervertebral articulations -- Thoracic limb -- Pelvis -- Pelvic limb -- References -- 7: Muscular tissue -- Muscle tissue overview -- Introduction -- Properties of muscles -- Functions of muscles -- Skeletal muscle -- Connective tissues -- Blood vessels and nerves -- Skeletal muscle fibers -- Myofibrils -- Sarcoplasmic reticulum -- Sarcomeres -- Contraction of skeletal muscle -- Neuromuscular junction -- Pharmacology of the neuromuscular junction -- Excitation-contraction coupling -- Sliding filament theory -- Rigor mortis -- Summary of skeletal muscle contraction.

Length-tension relationships -- A muscle twitch -- Treppe -- Summation -- Muscle tone -- Isometric versus isotonic contraction -- Muscle relaxation or return to resting length -- Metabolism of skeletal muscle -- Aerobic mechanism -- Creatine phosphate -- Anaerobic mechanism -- Muscle fatigue and oxygen consumption -- Heat production -- Types of muscle fibers -- Effects of exercise on muscles -- Cardiac muscle -- Cardiac versus skeletal muscle cells -- Functional characteristics -- Smooth muscle -- Structure -- Types of smooth muscle -- Neural innervation of smooth muscle -- Contraction of smooth muscle -- Muscle system -- Naming muscles -- Arrangements of fascicles -- Muscles as levers -- Muscle terminology -- Major skeletal muscles -- Muscles of the head and neck -- Muscles of the pectoral limb and lateral thorax -- Muscles of the pelvic limb and body wall -- Stay apparatus of a horse -- References -- 8: Introduction to the nervous system -- Organization of the nervous system -- The neuron -- Cell body -- Dendrites -- Axon -- Synapse -- Classification of neurons -- Supportive cells -- Ependymal cells -- Astrocytes -- Oligodendrocytes -- Microglia -- Satellite cells and Schwann cells -- Neurophysiology -- The resting membrane potential -- Membrane channels -- Postsynaptic potentials -- Generation of an action potential -- Propagation of the action potential -- Coding of stimulus intensity -- Synaptic transmission -- Electrical transmission -- Chemical transmission -- Modulation of the synaptic signal -- Neurotransmitters -- 9: Central nervous system -- Embryonic development -- Three brain vesicles -- Organization of the brain -- The cerebral hemispheres -- Ventricles of the brain -- Cerebral cortex -- Motor areas -- Sensory areas -- Cerebral white matter -- Diencephalon -- Thalamus -- Hypothalamus -- Epithalamus -- Mesencephalon -- Metencephalon.

Medulla oblongata -- Functional systems -- Cranial nerves -- Organization of the spinal cord -- Protection of the central nervous system -- Meninges -- Cerebrospinal fluid -- Blood-brain barrier (BBB) -- Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier -- References -- 10: Peripheral and autonomic nervous system -- Nerves and ganglia -- Nerves -- Classification of nerves -- Spinal nerves -- Degeneration and regeneration of nerves -- Ganglia -- Sensory receptors -- Classes of sensory receptors -- General senses -- Reflexes -- Classification of reflexes -- Spinal reflexes -- Use of reflexes in diagnosis -- Autonomic nervous system -- Overview -- Divisions of the autonomic nervous system -- Anatomy of the autonomic nervous system -- Physiology of the autonomic nervous system -- Central nervous system control of the autonomic nervous system -- References -- 11: Special senses -- Olfaction: The sense of smell -- Anatomy of olfactory receptors -- Physiology of olfaction -- Olfactory pathway -- Gustation: The sense of taste -- Tongue -- Taste -- Vision -- Accessory structures of the eye -- Anatomy of the eyeball -- Physiology of vision -- Hearing and balance -- Anatomy of the ear -- Sound -- Physiology of hearing -- Physiology of equilibrium -- References -- 12: Endocrine system -- Introduction and overview -- Cell signaling -- Mechanisms of cell surface hormone signaling -- Mechanisms of internal hormone cell signaling -- Receptors and regulation -- Measuring circulating hormone concentrations -- Endocrine and growth factor signaling -- The hypophyseal-pituitary axis -- Pituitary overview -- Negative feedback loops -- Hormones and cells of the posterior pituitary -- Hormones of the anterior pituitary -- Somatotropin (GH) -- The somatomedin hypothesis -- GH secretion -- Prolactin -- Prolactin secretion -- Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing Hormone.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone -- Adrenocortropic hormone -- Thyroid gland -- Biosynthesis of triiodothyronine and thyroxine -- Biological effects of thyroid hormones -- Calcitonin -- Parathyroid hormone -- Adrenal gland -- Endocrine pancreas -- Other hormones and growth factors -- IGF family -- EGF family -- FGF family -- TGF-β family -- Leptin -- References -- 13: Cardiovascular system -- Functions and composition of blood -- Functions of blood -- Physical characteristics of blood -- Types of blood cells in mammals -- Formation of blood cells -- Formed elements and blood cells in birds -- Hemostasis -- Vascular spasm -- Platelet plug formation -- Blood clotting -- Blood groups and crossmatching -- Blood groups -- Crossmatching -- The heart -- Anatomy of the heart -- Pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circulation -- Cardiac muscle and the cardiac conduction system -- Mechanisms of heart contraction -- The cardiac cycle -- Cardiac output -- Regulation of heart rate -- Blood vessels and hemodynamics -- Structure and function of blood vessels -- Portal systems -- Capillary exchange -- Factors affecting blood flow -- Flow, pressure, and resistance -- Maintaining blood pressure -- Shock and homeostasis -- Circulatory routes -- References -- 14: Respiratory system -- Introduction -- Functional anatomy: nose and paranasal sinuses -- Conducting pathway anatomy -- Pharynx and nasopharynx -- Oropharynx and laryngopharynx -- Larynx -- Trachea and bronchi -- Respiratory anatomy of the lungs and pleural membrane -- Alveoli -- Blood supply to the lungs -- Pulmonary ventilation -- Pressure changes during respiration -- Other factors involved in pulmonary ventilation -- Lung volumes and capacities -- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide -- Dalton's law and Henry's law -- External and internal respiration -- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Hemoglobin and oxygen transport.