Cover -- Preface -- Abstract -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Bipolar Affective Disorder -- 1.1.1 History and Symptomatology of Bipolar Disorder -- 1.1.2 Pharmacotherapy -- Mood Stabilization -- Lithium -- Antiepileptics -- Atypical Antipsychotics -- Antidepressant Therapy -- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) -- NASSA (Noradrenaline and Serotonin Specific Antidepressant) -- SNRI (Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor) -- NARI (Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor) -- SRE (Serotonin Reuptake Enhancer) -- NDRI (Noradrenaline and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor) -- Tricyclic Antidepressants -- Tetracyclic Antidepressants -- MAO Inhibitors -- DSA (Dual Serotonergic Antidepressant) -- Bright Light Therapy -- 1.1.3 Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder -- 1.2 Basic Principles of Genetics -- 1.2.1 Structure of DNA -- 1.2.2 Gene Expression- from DNA to Proteins -- Transcription -- Initiation of Transcription -- Elongation of Transcription -- Termination of Transcription -- Proteinbiosynthesis (Translation): -- Initiation of Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes -- Elongation -- Termination -- 1.2.3 Replication -- Initiation of Replication -- 1.2.4 Epigenetics -- 1.2.5 Mutations -- Gene mutations -- Point mutations -- Insertions, Deletions, Duplications and Repeat Polymorphisms -- Chromosomal mutations -- Structural Chromosomal Mutations -- Chromosome Number Aberrations -- 1.2.6 Methods of Molecular Bipolar Disorder Research -- Association Studies -- Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) -- Linkage studies -- 2. Methods -- 3. Genetics of Bipolar Disorder -- 3.1 Heritability of Bipolar Disorder -- 3.2 Candidate Genes at One View -- 3.3 Genes of the Serotonergic System -- 3.3.1 Serotonin Receptor Genes -- 5-HT1 Receptor Genes -- HTR1A -- Promoter Polymorphism -1019C/G (rs6295) -- G659T Polymorphism.

Dinucleotide Polymorphism (CAn/GTn repeats) -- Relevance for Therapy -- HTR1B and HTR1D -- 5-HT2 Receptor Genes -- HTR2A -- T102C -- Msp1 -- 516-C/T -- 1354C/T -- His452Tyr -- Thr25Asn -- -A1438G Genetic Polymorphism -- Linkage studies -- HTR2C Gene -- 5-HT3 Receptor Genes -- 5-HT4 Receptor Genes -- 5-HT5 Receptor Genes -- 5-HT6 Receptor Genes -- 5-HT7 Receptor Genes -- 3.3.2 Serotonin Transporter Gene (= SLC6A4, SERT, 5HTT) -- Polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR and the Untranslated Region -- The Variable-Number-Tandem-Repeat (VNTR) within Intron 2 -- Insertion/deletion in the Promoter Region of the Serotonin Transporter -- 3.4 Genes Involved in Biogenic Amine Modulation -- 3.4.1 MAOA -- Animal Studies -- Antidepressants -- Association Studies -- CA-Repeat Microsatellite in Intron 2 -- Fnu4H1 RFLP (Fnu4H1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) -- Fnu4H1 -- Fnu4H1 -- EcoRV Polymorphism (T-to-C Substitution at Position-1460) -- EcoRV -- EcoRV -- T-to-A Substitution at Position 1077 (Promoter VNTR) -- Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) Polymorphism in Intron 1 -- Linkage studies -- 3.4.2 MAOB -- 3.4.3 COMT -- 3.4.4 TPH -- 3.4.5 TH -- 3.5 Clock Genes -- 3.5.1 The Circadian Oscillator in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -- 3.5.2 Role of clock genes in bipolar disorder -- ARNTL (BMAL1 or MOP3) -- NPAS2 -- NR1D1 -- Period Genes (PER1, PER2, PER3) -- CRY -- CLOCK -- DBP -- CSNKD -- CSNKE -- TIMELESS -- PPARGC1B -- Summary of clock genes -- 3.6 Growth Hormones -- 3.6.1 BDNF -- Functions of BDNF -- BDNF Signal Transduction -- BDNF Polymorphisms -- Dinucleotide repeat (GT)n (BDNF-LCPR) -- Val66Met Polymorphism -- Association of BDNF Variants with Bipolar Disorder -- Antidepressants, Mood Stabilizers and Animal Studies -- Serum Levels of BDNF -- Linkage studies for chromosome 11 -- GWAS- Genome wide association studies.

Genetic association studies and family based genetic studies -- Reasons for controversies -- BDNF and subtypes of bipolar disorder or related disease -- Rapid cycling -- Early onset bipolar disorder -- Suicidal behavior and BDNF -- Summary of Association Studies for BDNF and Bipolar Disorder (BD) -- 3.6.2 NRG1 -- 3.6.3 NCAM1 -- 3.6.4 RELN -- 3.7 Genes of the Lithium signal transduction pathways -- 3.7.1 DGKH -- 3.8 Ion channels and associated proteins -- 3.8.1 ANK3 -- 3.8.2 CACNA1C -- 3.8.3 NTNG1 and NTNG2 -- 3.8.4 KCNC2 -- 3.8.5 P2RX7/4 -- 3.8.6 ATP2A2 -- 3.8.7 SLC24A3 -- 3.8.8 SLC39A3 -- 3.9 HPA axis, cortisol and stress -- 3.10 Genes of the dopaminergic system -- 3.10.1 DAT1 -- 3.10.2 DRD1 -- 3.10.3 DRD2 -- 3.10.4 DRD3 -- 3.10.5 DRD4 -- 3.10.6 DRD5 -- 3.11 Genes of the noradrenergic system -- 3.11.1 NET (SLC6A2) -- 3.12 Genes of the GABAergic system -- 3.12.1 GABRBI -- 3.12.2 GABRB2 -- 3.12.3 GABRB3 -- 3.12.4 GABRA5 -- 3.13 Genes of the Glutamatergic system -- 3.13.1 GRIN genes -- 3.13.2 GRIA1 -- 3.13.3 GRM3 -- 3.13.4 GRM4 -- 3.13.5 GRM7 -- P= -- 3.13.6 GRIK genes -- 3.14 Copy number variations (CNVs) -- 3.15 Others -- 3.15.1 GCHI -- 3.15.2 CHMP1.5 -- 4. Genetic overlaps between psychiatric diseases -- 4.1 Overlaps between mood disorders and schizophrenia -- 4.1.1 Schizophrenia -- 4.2 Overlaps between mood disorders and schizophrenia -- 4.2.1 Symptomatic overlaps between psychiatric diseases -- 4.2.2 Genetic overlaps between mood disorders and schizophrenia -- COMT -- Serotonin transporter polymorphisms -- SERT (=5HTT = serotonin transporter gene) -- VNTR in intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene -- Deletion/insertion in the promoter region of SERT -- G72/G30 gene (DAOA) -- DAO -- CACNA1C -- DTNBP1 -- N-methyl- -- Neuregulin1 -- DISC 1 -- BDNF -- MAOA -- Dopamine receptor genes -- DRD1 -- DRD2 -- DRD3 -- DRD4 -- DRD5.

4.3 Summary of the overlaps between mental diseases -- 5. Gene-environment-interactions and prevention -- 5.1 Epigenetics -- 5.2 Sleep deprivation -- 5.3 Nutrition and famines -- 5.4 Infections and risk of bipolar disorder -- 5.5 Season of birth -- 5.6 Urban/rural residency and genotype -- 5.7 Antidepressant induced mania and genotypes -- 5.8 Stress, gene expression and bipolar disorder -- 5.9 Mood changes after delivery -- 5.10 Maltreatment and negative life events -- 5.10.1 MAOA polymorphism -- 5.10.2 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- 5.10.3 FKBP5 -- 5.10.4 Serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism -- 5.10.5 BDNF -- 5.10.6 COMT -- 5.11 Implications for clinical practice -- 5.11.1 Treatment and genotype -- Antidepressant treatment and genotype -- Antimanic treatment and genotype -- 5.11.2 Psychotherapy -- 5.11.3 Lifestyle changes -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. References.