An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Where to Start -- 1.2 What this Book is and is Not, and How to Use It -- 1.3 Further Reading -- 2 Morphology: Starting with Words -- 2.1 Words Come in Categories -- 2.1.1 Affixes are often category and subcategory specific -- 2.1.2 Syntactic contexts sensitive to the same categories -- 2.1.3 Modifiers -- 2.1.4 Complementary distribution -- 2.2 Words are Made of Smaller Units: Morphemes -- 2.3 Morphemes Combine in Regular Ways -- 2.3.1 Compositionality -- 2.3.2 Affixation -- 2.3.3 Word structure -- 2.3.4 Selection and locality -- 2.3.5 Compounds -- 2.3.6 The categorial status of affixes -- 2.4 Apparent Exceptions to the RHHR -- 2.4.1 Conversion -- 2.4.2 Further problems -- 2.5 Morphological Atoms -- 2.6 Compositionality and Recursion -- 2.7 Conclusion -- 2.7.1 Summary -- 2.7.2 What to remember -- 2.7.3 Puzzles and preview -- 2.7.4 Further exercises -- 2.7.5 Further reading -- 3 Syntactic Analysis Introduced -- 3.1 Word Order -- 3.2 Constituency -- 3.3 Syntactic Productivity -- 3.4 Substitution -- 3.5 Ellipsis -- 3.6 Coordination -- 3.6.1 Structure of coordinated constituents -- 3.6.2 Right node raising and gapping -- 3.7 Movement and Other Distortions -- 3.7.1 Topicalization -- 3.7.2 Cleft constructions -- 3.7.3 Pseudoclefts -- 3.8 Some More Complex Distortion Experiments, Briefly -- 3.8.1 Wh-movement -- 3.8.2 Heavy constituent shift -- 3.9 Some More Practice -- 3.10 Some Other Evidence of Constituency -- 3.10.1 Perception of click position -- 3.10.2 Memorization errors -- 3.10.3 Neurophysiological correlates of syntactic analysis -- 3.11 Conclusion -- 3.11.1 Summary -- 3.11.2 What to remember -- 3.11.3 Puzzles and preview -- 3.11.4 Further exercises -- 3.11.5 Further reading -- 4 Clauses -- 4.1 Full Clauses: CPs.

4.2 Tense Phrase -- 4.3 Conclusion -- 4.3.1 Summary -- 4.3.2 What to remember -- 4.3.3 Puzzles and preview -- 4.3.4 Further exercises -- 4.3.5 Further reading -- 5 Other Phrases: A First Glance -- 5.1 Verb Phrases -- 5.1.1 V complements -- 5.1.2 V-adjunct compatibility -- 5.2 Determiner Phrases -- 5.3 Noun Phrases -- 5.4 Adjective Phrases -- 5.5 Prepositional Phrases -- 5.6 Ways to Talk About Tree Geometry -- 5.7 Conclusion -- 5..7.1 Summary: heads and lexical entries -- 5.7.2 What to remember -- 5.7.3 Puzzles and previews -- 5.7.4 Further exercises -- 5.7.5 Further reading -- 6 X-bar Theory and the Format of Lexical Entries -- 6.1 Review: The Model of Morphology -- 6.2 Building a Model of Syntax -- 6.3 Headedness -- 6.4 Internal Organization of Constituents -- 6.5 Some Consequences -- 6.5.1 Silent heads: D -- 6.5.2 Silent heads: T -- 6.5.3 Silent heads: C -- 6.6 Cross-categorial Symmetries -- 6.7 Subjects Across Categories: Small Clauses -- 6.8 Lexical Entries -- 6.8.1 A short primer on thematic relations -- 6.8.2 The general format of lexical entries -- 6.8.3 More lexical entries -- 6.9 The Projection Principle and Locality -- 6.10 Cross-linguistic Variation -- 6.11 Conclusion -- 6.11.1 Summary: the model of syntax -- 6.11.2 What to remember -- 6.11.3 Puzzles and preview -- 6.11.4 Further exercises -- 6.11.5 Further reading -- 7 Binding and the Hierarchical Nature of Phrase Structure -- 7.1 Anaphors -- 7.1.1 Reflexive pronouns -- 7.1.2 Reciprocals -- 7.1.3 Summary and reformulation -- 7.2 Pronouns -- 7.2.1 Basic Principle B -- 7.2.2 A complication: lack of complementary distribution -- 7.3 Non-pronominal Expressions -- 7.4 Binding Theory Summarized -- 7.5 Small Clauses and Binding Theory -- 7.6 Some Issues -- 7.6.1 Coreference without binding -- 7.6.2 Quantified antecedents -- 7.6.3 VP ellipsis -- 7.7 Cross-linguistic Variation -- 7.7.1 Reflexives.

7.7.2 Pronouns -- 7.7.3 R-expressions -- 7.8 Learning About Binding Relations -- 7.9 Conclusion -- 7.9.1 Summary -- 7.9.2 What to remember -- 7.9.3 Puzzles and preview -- 7.9.4 Further exercises -- 7.9.5 Further readings -- 8 Apparent Violations of Locality of Selection -- 8.1 Setting the Stage -- 8.2 Topicalization: A First Case of Movement -- 8.3 Head Movement -- 8.3.1 The distribution of English verbal forms -- 8.3.2 Subject-aux inversion: T-to-C movement -- 8.3.3 Head movement in DPs -- 8.3.4 Head movement: summary -- 8.4 Detecting Selection -- 8.4.1 Covariation -- 8.4.2 Very tight selection: idiom chunks and weather it -- 8.4.3 Case -- 8.4.4 Existential constructions -- 8.5 Phrasal Movements -- 8.5.1 Wh-questions -- 8.5.2 Raising to subject -- 8.5.3 EPP properties -- 8.5.4Simpleclausesandlocalityofselection -- 8.6 How Selection Drives Structure Building -- 8.7 Addressing some Previous Puzzles -- 8.8 Synthesis -- 8.9 Terminology and Notation -- 8.10 Conclusion -- 8.10.1 Summary -- 8.10.2 What to remember -- 8.10.3 Puzzles and preview -- 8.10.4 Further exercises -- 8.10.5 Further readings -- 9 Infinitival Complements: Raising and Control -- 9.1 Subject Control -- 9.2 Using the Theory: Control and Binding -- 9.2.1 Subject infinitives -- 9.2.2 PRO in infinitival complements -- 9.3 Interim Summary: Inventory of To-infinitival -- 9.4 Raising to Object/ECM and Object Control -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 9.5.1 Summary -- 9.5.2 What to remember -- 9.5.3 Puzzles and preview -- 9.5.4 Further exercises -- 9.5.5 Further reading -- 10 Wh-questions:Wh-movement and Locality -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Wh-words -- 10.1.2 Some questions about wh-movement -- 10.2 The Landing Site or Target Position of Wh-Movement -- 10.3 What Wh-movement Moves -- 10.4 Locality I: The Problem -- 10.4.1 The A-over-A principle -- 10.4.2 The constraints -- 10.4.3 Summary.

10.5 Locality II: Theory of Constraints -- 10.5.1 Introduction -- 10.5.2 Subjacency -- 10.5.3 Bounding nodes: remarks -- 10.5.4 Extraction from DP: the subject condition -- 10.5.5 Summary -- 10.5.6 Independent evidence for successive cyclicity -- 10.5.7 Consequences -- 10.6 Special Cases -- 10.6.1 Subject extraction: complementizer-trace effects -- 10.6.2 Superiority: attract closest -- 10.6.3 Beyond subjacency: phases -- 10.6.4 Attract closest and phases -- 10.7 Conclusion -- 10.7.1 Summary -- 10.7.2 What to remember -- 10.7.3 Puzzles and preview -- 10.7.4 Further exercises -- 10.7.5 Further reading -- 11 Probing Structures -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Probing Derived Structures -- 11.2.1 Only -- 11.2.2 NPI licensing -- 11.3 Probing Underlying Structures -- 11.3.1 Quantifier floating: distribution of all -- 11.3.2 Also association -- 11.4 Probing with Binding -- 11.4.1 Principle A -- 11.4.2 Pronominal binding -- 11.4.3 Quantifier scope -- 11.5 Conclusion -- 11.5.1 Summary -- 11.5.2 What to remember -- 11.5.3 Puzzles and preview -- 11.5.4 Further exercises -- 11.5.5 Further reading -- 12 Inward Bound: Syntax and Morphology Atoms -- 12.1 The Size of Atoms -- 12.2 Head Movement and the Head Movement Constraint -- 12.2.1 Lexical entry for T: formal features -- 12.2.2 Lexical entries and the head movement constraint -- 12.2.3 Possible lexical entries and the head movement constraint -- 12.3 Causative Affixes: Syntax or Morphology? -- 12.3.1 Causative verbs: built in the syntax? -- 12.3.2 Causative verbs: built in the morphology? -- 12.3.3 How to decide between these analyses? -- 12.3.4 Consequences -- 12.4 VP Shells -- 12.4.1 Anticausative verbs -- 12.4.2 The optional agent selection account -- 12.4.3 Silent CAUS and pronounced causatives -- 12.4.4 Derivation direction -- 12.4.5 The English suffixes -ify, -en -- 12.4.6 Generalized VP shells.

12.5 Ternary Branching -- 12.6 Using VP Shells: VP Shells and Adjuncts -- 12.7 Terminological Changes -- 12.8 Raising to Object -- 12.9 The Model of Morphosyntax -- 12.10 Conclusion -- 12.10.1 Summary -- 12.10.2 What to remember -- 12.10.3 Puzzles and preview -- 12.10.4 Further exercises -- 12.10.5 Further reading -- 13 Advanced Binding and Some Binding Typology -- 13.1 Basics: Reminders -- 13.2 Reminder About Principle A -- 13.3 Subjects of Tensed Clauses -- 13.4 VP shells and the Binding Theory -- 13.4.1 Revising binding domain for pronouns -- 13.4.2 Revising binding domain for anaphors -- 13.5 Binding Variation and Typology -- 13.5.1 Mainland Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) -- 13.5.2 Icelandic -- 13.5.3 Chinese -- 13.5.4 How exotic is all this? -- 13.6 Conclusion -- 13.6.1 Summary -- 13.6.2 What to remember -- 13.6.3 Puzzles and preview: exempt anaphora -- 13.6.4 Further exercises -- 13.6.5 Further readings -- 14 Wh-constructions -- 14.1 Diagnostic Properties of Wh-movement -- 14.2 Relative Clauses -- 14.2.1 Relative clauses involve wh-movement -- 14.2.2 Relative clauses with silent wh-phrases -- 14.2.3 Doubly filled Comp filter -- 14.2.4 Infinitival relatives -- 14.2.5 The promotion analysis of relative clauses -- 14.3 Another Case of Null Operator Movement: Tough-Construction -- 14.4 Topicalization and Left Dislocation -- 14.5 Other Wh-movement Constructions -- 14.6 Conclusion -- 14.6.1 Summary -- 14.6.2 What to remember -- 14.6.3 Puzzles and preview -- 14.6.4 Further readings -- 15 Syntactic Processes -- 15.1 The Language Model: Defining Structure -- 15.2 Selection, Movement, Locality -- 15.3 Computational Properties of the Model -- 15.3.1 Parsing: calculating structure -- 15.3.2 Garden paths and linguistic illusions -- 15.4 Conclusion -- 15.4.1 Summary -- 15.4.2 What to remember -- 15.4.3 Puzzles and preview.

15.4.4 Further readings.