Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Figures and Tables -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER ONE Introduction: The Autocratic Challenge and Internet Freedom -- Political Space and the Internet -- Styles of Repression -- Introduction to Internet Freedom Programs -- Organization of the Report -- CHAPTER TWO The Internet and Political Process in Different Regimes -- Is the Internet Transforming Politics? Where and How? -- Cyberactivism in Democratic and Nondemocratic Regimes -- How and Where Can Internet Freedom (Technologies) Transform Political Space? -- Political Communication and Social Mobilization -- Internet Freedom and Framing Process -- Key Actors in Cyberspace -- Bloggers, Netizens, and Political Space -- Web 2.0 Users and Political Space -- Online Activists and Political Space -- Internet Freedom and the Modes of Transformation of Political Space -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER THREE Cyberactivists, Social Media, and the Anti-Mubarak Protests in Egypt -- Social Media's Significance: The Debate -- Cyberenthusiasts -- Cyber-Killjoys -- How Social Media Bridged Egypt's Mobilization Gaps -- Social Media Was the Opposition's Only Tool for Reaching and Mobilizing a Mass Base -- No Other Opposition Force Would Confront the State with Mass Action -- Military Considered Defection Only After Demonstrations Grew and It Was Forced to Either Shoot or Remove Mubarak -- Conclusion: What This Means for the Study of Social Media -- CHAPTER FOUR Internet Freedom and Political Change in Syria -- Internet Usage by the Numbers -- Internet Censorship -- Use of the Internet in the Syrian Uprising -- Circumvention Technologies During the Protests -- Regime Adaptation -- External Dimensions -- How Internet Freedom Affected Political Change in Syria.

CHAPTER FIVE The Internet in China: Threatened Tool of Expression and Mobilization -- Netizens and Authorities in Cyberspace -- Censorship and Circumvention Methods -- Online Activists and Authorities in Political Space -- Online Mobilization and Policy Outcomes -- Wenzhou Train Crash -- Dalian Chemical Plant -- Internet and Popular Mobilization in Rural Areas -- Ethnic Riots and the Internet -- Internet Freedom Technologies: Tools for the Motivated Elites or Mass-Use Technologies? -- CHAPTER SIX Fighting Electoral Fraud in the 2011 Russian Election with Internet and Social Media -- Critical Information and Postelection Protests -- RuNet: Russian Internet -- Russian Authorities and Cyberactivists -- Golos and Online Election Fraud Reporting -- Golos and Citizens' Whistle-Blowing -- Electoral Fraud, Social Media, and Post-Election Protests -- Social Media and Voter Mobilization -- Conclusion -- CHAPTER SEVEN Information Freedom During the Cold War: The Impact of Western Radio Broadcasts -- Short-Term and Long-Term Objectives of RFE/RL -- Measuring the Size of RFE/RL Audiences and Determining Its Effectiveness -- The Role of RFE/RL in Social Unrest -- Learning from the Cold War Experience: Lessons and Analysis from Communist Archives for Promoting Internet Freedom -- What Impact Did U.S. Policymakers Hope to Achieve Through Their Efforts to Improve Communist Citizens' Access to Outside Information? -- How Could RFE/RL Safely Assist Opposition Figures and Parties to the Communist Regime? How Did this Assistance Affect the Political Space? -- What Did Communist Authorities Hope to Achieve Through Jamming Western Radio Broadcasts? How Did Western Broadcasters Attempt to Overcome Jamming? Did Jamming Alter the Impact of Western Radio Broadcasts?.

Who Was the Target Audience for Western Short-Wave Broadcasts? How Confrontational Toward Communist Authorities Should the Broadcasts Be? -- How Did U.S. Policymakers Measure Success in the Medium and Long Term of Western Radio Broadcasts? -- CHAPTER EIGHT Internet Freedom: Measure and Countermeasure -- The Struggle for Internet Freedom: A Multiplayer Strategic Competition -- Countermeasures and Counter-Countermeasures -- No or Expensive Internet -- Halal Internet -- Site and Content Blocking -- Green Dam -- Pwning Dissident Computers -- Finding and Targeting Dissidents Through Their Internet Use -- DDOS Attacks -- 50-Cent Party -- Exceptional Violence -- Greater Surveillance of Mobile Communication -- The Future Architecture of the Internet -- CHAPTER NINE Key Findings and Policy Implications for Internet Freedom Programs' Design -- Summary of Case Studies: The Relationship Between Internet Freedom and Political Space -- Impact of Opportunity Structures on the Outcomes of Online Mobilization -- Implications for the Design and Implementation of Internet Freedom Programs -- Leveraging Internet Freedom Programs: Maximizing Their Impact and Understanding Their Limitations -- APPENDIX Electoral Fraud Variable and Summary Statistics for the Russia Case Study -- Bibliography.