Viral Infections and Global Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- About the Editor -- Part I General Aspects -- 1 Climate Change And Vector-Borne Viral Diseases -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Epidemiology of VVD -- 1.2.1 What are VVD? -- 1.2.2 Temporal-spatial distribution of VVD around the world -- 1.2.3 Factors that affect the transmission -- 1.3 Association between climatic variables and emerging VVD -- 1.3.1 Dengue fever -- 1.3.2 Yellow fever -- 1.3.3 Viral encephalitis: Japanese encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis -- 1.3.4 Ross River fever and Barmah Forest fever -- 1.3.5 Chikungunya fever -- 1.3.6 Rift Valley fever -- 1.3.7 Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever -- 1.4 INVASION OF NONZOONOTIC VVD TO HUMANS -- 1.5 Implications and recommendations for prevention and control -- References -- 2 Impact of Climate Change On Vector-Borne Arboviral Episystem -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The complex factors influencing mosquito-borne arbovirus episystems -- 2.3 West Nile virus -- 2.3.1 Influence of climate on the North American WNV episystem -- 2.3.2 Effects of future changes in climate on the North American WNV episystem -- 2.4 Dengue in Florida -- 2.4.1 Did climate change play a role in the reemergence of dengue in Florida? -- 2.5 Bluetongue -- 2.5.1 Influence of climate on the European bluetongue episystem -- 2.5.2 The role of climate change in the European BTV episystem -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 3 Influence Of Climate Change On Mosquito Development and Blood-Feeding Patterns -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Mosquito development -- 3.2.1. Temperature -- 3.2.2. Precipitation -- 3.2.3. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration -- 3.2.4. Photoperiodic cues -- 3.3. Blood-feeding patterns -- 3.3.1. Temperature -- 3.3.2. Humidity.

3.3.3. Cumulative impact on mosquito-borne viral infections -- References -- 4 Environmental Perturbations That Influence Arboviral Host Range: Insights Into Emergence Mechanisms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The changing environment -- 4.3 Deforestation and the epizootic emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus -- 4.4 Rice, mosquitoes, pigs, and japanese encephalitis virus -- 4.5 Culex pipiens complex, house sparrows, urbanization, and west Nile virus -- 4.6 Urbanization, global trade, and the reemergence of chikungunya virus -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Socio-Ecology Of Viral Zoonotic Transfer -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Historical perspective -- 5.3 Human-animal interface -- 5.4 Surveillance -- 5.5 Deforestation and fragmentation -- 5.6 Urbanization -- 5.7 Examples -- 5.7.1 Nipah virus -- 5.7.2 Hendra -- 5.7.3 Influenza -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Human Behavi or And The Epidemiology Of Viral Zoonoses -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Societal changes and the epidemiology of viral zoonoses -- 6.2.1 The human-animal relationship -- 6.2.2 Migration and population movements -- 6.2.3 Climate change and vectors -- 6.3 Viral zoonoses and human societal values -- 6.3.1 Individual and collective responsibility -- 6.4 Human behavior and the epidemiology of vector-borne viral zoonoses -- 6.4.1 Yellow fever (urban yellow fever, sylvatic or jungle yellow fever) -- 6.4.2 WNV -- 6.4.3 TBE -- 6.4.4 Encephalitides -- 6.4.5 LAC encephalitis -- 6.4.6 JE -- 6.4.7 Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) -- 6.4.8 EEE -- 6.4.9 Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) -- 6.5 Human behavior and the epidemiology of respiratory viral zoonoses -- 6.5.1 HeV -- 6.5.2 NIV -- 6.5.3 SARS -- 6.5.4 Influenza H1N1 -- 6.5.5 Influenza H5N1 -- 6.5.6 Travel and respiratory viral zoonoses -- 6.6 Human behavior and the epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses.

6.6.1 Waterborne zoonotic viruses -- 6.6.2 Epidemiology of waterborne viral zoonoses -- 6.6.3 Prevention and control -- 6.7 Human behavior and the epidemiology of wildlife-associated viral zoonoses -- 6.7.1 Case study: bushmeat hunting in Cameroon -- 6.7.2 Epidemiology of viral zoonoses from wildlife -- 6.8 The role of human behavior in the control of viral zoonoses -- 6.8.1 Communication -- References -- 7 Global Trave l, Trade, And The Spread of Viral Infections -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic principles -- 7.2.1 Extension -- 7.2.2 Expression -- 7.3 An overview of population mobility -- 7.4 The dynamics of modern population mobility -- 7.5 Human population mobility and the spread of viruses -- 7.6 The biological aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses -- 7.7 The demographic aspects of population mobility and the spread of viruses -- 7.7.1 Elements related to the volume of travel -- 7.7.2 Elements related to disparities in health practices -- 7.7.3 Situations where population mobility and travel can affect the spread of viruses -- 7.7.4 Humanitarian and complex emergencies -- 7.7.5 Social and economic aspects of population mobility -- 7.7.6 An overview of trade -- 7.7.7 Trade and the spread of viruses -- 7.8 Potential impact of climate change -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Effects Of Land-Use Changes And Agricultural Practices On The Emergence And Reemergence of Human Viral Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Ecological and environmental changes -- 8.2.1 Deforestation -- 8.2.2 Habitat fragmentation -- 8.2.3 Structural changes in ecosystems -- 8.3 Agricultural change -- 8.3.1 Agricultural expansion -- 8.3.2 Intensification of livestock production -- 8.4 Demographic changes -- 8.4.1 Urbanization -- 8.5 Land use, disease emergence, and multifactorial causation -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References.

9 Animal Migration And Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections -- Introduction -- 9.1.1 Animal migration and disease -- 9.2 Does animal migration increase risk of viral spread? -- 9.3 Examples of migratory animals and spread of viral disease -- 9.3.1 Birds -- 9.3.2 Mammals -- 9.3.3 Fish and herpetiles -- 9.4 Climate change effects on animal migration and viral zoonoses -- 9.5 Shifts in timing of migration and range extents -- 9.6 Combined effects of climate change, disease, and migration -- 9.7 Conclusions and future directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Illegal Animal And (Bush) Meat Trade Associated Risk Of Spread Of Viral Infections -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Search strategy and selection criteria -- 10.3 The bushmeat trade -- 10.4 Bushmeat hunting and emerging infectious diseases -- 10.5 RISK FACTORS AND MODES OF TRANSMISSIONRisk factors and modes of transmission -- 10.5.1 Human-nonhuman primate overlap -- 10.5.2 Behavioral risks -- 10.6 Conservation and wildlife sustainability -- 10.7 Case study: The role of the bushmeat trade in the evolution of HIV -- 10.8 Illegal trade of domestic animals and exotic pets -- 10.9 Discussion and future directions -- 10.10 Prevention and control: From supply and demand to health education techniques -- 10.11 New technologies -- 10.11.1 Laboratory tools -- 10.11.2 Surveillance tools -- 10.12 Collaboration: Multidisciplinary advances and next steps -- 10.13 Conclusion -- Conflicts of interest -- References -- 11 Biological Significance Of Bats As A Natural Reservoir Of Emerging Viruses -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Bats as exemplars of biodiversity -- 11.3 Bats are reservoir hosts for zoonotic and emerging pathogens -- 11.3.1 Lyssaviruses -- 11.3.2 Henipaviruses -- 11.3.3 Filoviruses -- 11.3.4 Coronaviruses -- 11.3.5 Arboviruses -- 11.4 Contact rate as a driver for emergence of bat-associated zoonoses.

11.5 Potential impact of climate change on viruses transmitted by bats -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Role And Strategies Of Surveillance Networks In Handling Emerging And Reemerging Viral Infections -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Global trend of viral infectious agents and diseases -- 12.3 Recognized importance of public health surveillance -- 12.3.1 Public health surveillance as essential public health functions and core competencies -- 12.4 Definition and scope of public health surveillance -- 12.5 Key functions and uses of disease surveillance -- 12.6 New expansion of surveillance by the IHR-2005 -- 12.7 Emergence of new global surveillance networks -- 12.8 Global influenza surveillance and WHO's pandemic influenza preparedness framework -- 12.9 Early warning surveillance systems -- 12.10 Innovative approaches for surveillance -- 12.11 Electronic and web-based information platforms for information reporting, sharing, and dissemination -- 12.12 Real-time and near real-time information -- 12.13 New updated statistical methods for tracking viral and infectious disease outbreaks -- 12.13.1 Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping and geo-referencing public health events and risks of national and global importance -- 12.14 Using proxy and compiled web-based information from different sources -- 12.15 Incorporation of public-private partnerships in surveillance activities -- 12.16 Use of volunteer sentinel physicians -- 12.17 Improving guidelines and protocols for viral surveillance -- 12.18 Incorporating health situation rooms or strategic command centers for monitoring, analysis, and response in surveillance efforts -- 12.19 Challenges of viral and public health surveillance -- References -- 13 Predictive Modeling of Emerging Infections -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Types of models.

13.3 Remote sensing and its use in disease outbreak prediction.