Bones : Structure and Mechanics.
Title:
Bones : Structure and Mechanics.
Author:
Currey, John D.
ISBN:
9781400849505
Personal Author:
Edition:
2nd ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (453 pages)
Contents:
Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Introduction -- CHAPTER ONE The Structure of Bone Tissue -- 1.1 Bone at the Molecular Level -- 1.2 The Cells of Bone -- 1.3 Woven and Lamellar Bone -- 1.4 Fibrolamellar and Haversian Bone -- 1.5 Primary and Secondary Bone -- 1.6 Compact and Cancellous Bone -- 1.7 A Summary of Mammalian Bone Structure -- 1.8 Nonmammalian Bone -- CHAPTER TWO: The Mechanical Properties of Materials -- 2.1 What Is Bone For? -- 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Stiff Materials -- 2.2.1 Stress, Strain, and Their Relationship -- 2.2.2 Anisotropy -- 2.2.3 Viscoelasticity -- 2.2.4 Modes of Loading -- 2.2.5 Fracture and Toughness -- 2.2.6 Fracture Mechanics -- 2.2.7 Creep Rupture -- 2.2.8 Fatigue Fracture -- CHAPTER THREE: The Mechanical Properties of Bone -- 3.1 Elastic Properties -- 3.1.1 Orientation Effects -- 3.1.2 Strain Rate Effects -- 3.2 Strength -- 3.2.1 Orientation Effects -- 3.2.2 Strain Rate Effects -- 3.2.3 Modes of Loading -- 3.3 Inferring Bone Material Properties from Whole Bone Behavior -- 3.4 Fracture Mechanics Properties -- 3.5 Creep Rupture -- 3.6 Fatigue Fracture -- 3.7 Modeling and Explaining Elastic Behavior -- 3.8 Modeling Fracture in Tension -- 3.8.1 The Effects of Stress Concentrations -- 3.8.2 The Effects of Remodeling -- 3.8.3 Anisotropy in Fracture -- 3.9 Fracture of Bone in Compression -- 3.10 Fracture of Bone in Bending -- 3.11 Mechanical Properties of Haversian Systems -- 3.12 Cancellous Bone -- 3.13 Bone as a Composite -- 3.14 Microdamage -- 3.14.1 Microcracking Phenomena -- 3.14.2 The Mechanical Effects of Microcracking -- 3.15 Strain Rate, Creep, and Fatigue: Pulling the Threads Together -- 3.16 Fracture in Bone: Conclusions -- CHAPTER FOUR: The Adaptation of Mechanical Properties to Different Functions.
4.1 Properties of Bone with Different Functions -- 4.2 A General Survey of Properties -- 4.3 Mesoplodon Rostrum: A Puzzle -- 4.4 Property Changes in Ontogeny -- CHAPTER FIVE: Cancellous Bone -- 5.1 Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone Material -- 5.2 Mechanical Properties of Cancellous Bone Tissue -- 5.3 Functions of Cancellous Bone -- 5.3.1 Principal Stresses -- 5.3.2 Arrangement of Trabeculae in Cancellous Bone -- 5.3.3 Joins Between Trabeculae -- 5.3.4 Energy Absorption of Cancellous bone -- 5.3.5 Cancellous Bone in Sandwiches and in Short Bones -- 5.3.6 Cancellous Bone in Tuberosities -- 5.3.7 Medullary Bone -- 5.3.8 The Size of Trabeculae -- 5.3.9 Cancellous Bone with No Compact Bone -- 5.4 Conclusion -- CHAPTER SIX: The Properties of Allied Tissues -- 6.1 Calcified Cartilage -- 6.2 Collagenous Tissues of Teeth -- 6.2.1 Cement -- 6.2.2 Dentin -- 6.2.3 Narwhal Dentin -- 6.3 Enamel -- 6.4 Fish Scales -- 6.5 Dentin vs. Bone -- CHAPTER SEVEN: The Shapes of Bones -- 7.1 Shapes of Whole Bones -- 7.2 Designing for Minimum Mass -- 7.3 Long Bones -- 7.3.1 Why Are Long Bones Hollow? -- 7.3.2 How Hollow Should Bones Be? -- 7.3.3 How Stiff Should Bones Be? -- 7.4 Flat or Short Bones with Cancellous Bone -- 7.4.1 Sandwich Bones -- 7.4.2 Short Bones -- 7.4.3 Synergy Between Cortical and Cancellous Bone -- 7.5 Paying for Strength with Mass -- 7.5.1 Minimum Mass of Compact Bone Material -- 7.5.2 Minimum Mass of Cancellous Bone -- 7.6 The Swollen Ends of Long Bones -- 7.7 Euler Buckling -- 7.8 Interactions Between Bone Architecture and Bone Material Properties -- 7.9 The Mechanical Importance of Marrow Fat -- 7.10 Methods of Analyzing Stresses and Strains in Whole Bones -- 7.11 Conclusion -- CHAPTER EIGHT: Articulations -- 8.1 The Synovial Joint -- 8.2 The Elbow -- 8.3 The Swelling of Bones Under Synovial Joints -- 8.4 Intervertebral Disks -- 8.5 Sutures.
8.6 Epiphyseal Plates -- 8.7 Joints in General -- 8.8 Conclusion -- CHAPTER NINE: Bones, Tendons, and Muscles -- 9.1 Tendons -- 9.2 Sesamoids and Ossified Tendons -- 9.3 Attachment of Tendons to Bone -- 9.4 Muscles Produce Bending Stresses in Bones -- 9.5 Why Do Tendons Run Close to Joints? -- 9.6 Muscles as Stabilizing Devices -- 9.7 Curvature of Long Bones and Pauwels' Analyses -- 9.8 Skeletons in General -- 9.8.1 Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles -- 9.8.2 Limbs -- 9.8.3 Fusion and Loss of Bones -- 9.8.4 The Vertebral Column -- 9.8.5 The Skull -- 9.9 Conclusion -- CHAPTER TEN: Safety Factors and Scaling Effects in Bones -- 10.1 Safety Factors -- 10.2 Size and Shape -- 10.2.1 Scaling -- 10.2.2 Elastic Similarity -- 10.2.3 Geometric Similarity -- 10.3 Conclusion -- CHAPTER ELEVEN: Modeling and Reconstruction -- 11.1 The Need for Feedback Control -- 11.2 What Do We Need to Know? -- 11.3 Classic Experiments -- 11.4 The Nature of the Signal -- 11.4.1 Electrical Effects -- 11.4.2 Direct Measurement of Strain -- 11.5 How Does Bone Respond to the Signal? -- 11.6 Postclassical Experiments -- 11.7 In Search of the Algorithm -- 11.8 Precision of Response -- 11.9 Modeling of Cancellous Bone -- 11.10 The Functions of Internal Remodeling -- 11.10.1 Removing Dead Bone -- 11.10.2 Improving the Blood Supply -- 11.10.3 Mineral Homeostasis -- 11.10.4 Changing the Grain -- 11.10.5 Taking out Microcracks -- 11.10.6 It's a Pathological Mistake -- 11.11 Bone Cell Biology -- 11.12 Conclusion -- CHAPTER TWELVE: Summing up -- References -- Index.
Abstract:
This is a comprehensive and accessible overview of what is known about the structure and mechanics of bone, bones, and teeth. In it, John Currey incorporates critical new concepts and findings from the two decades of research since the publication of his highly regarded The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Crucially, Currey shows how bone structure and bone's mechanical properties are intimately bound up with each other and how the mechanical properties of the material interact with the structure of whole bones to produce an adapted structure. For bone tissue, the book discusses stiffness, strength, viscoelasticity, fatigue, and fracture mechanics properties. For whole bones, subjects dealt with include buckling, the optimum hollowness of long bones, impact fracture, and properties of cancellous bone. The effects of mineralization on stiffness and toughness and the role of microcracking in the fracture process receive particular attention. As a zoologist, Currey views bone and bones as solutions to the design problems that vertebrates have faced during their evolution and throughout the book considers what bones have been adapted to do. He covers the full range of bones and bony tissues, as well as dentin and enamel, and uses both human and non-human examples. Copiously illustrated, engagingly written, and assuming little in the way of prior knowledge or mathematical background, Bones is both an ideal introduction to the field and also a reference sure to be frequently consulted by practicing researchers.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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