Cover -- Related Titles -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents for Volume 1 -- Contents for Volume 2 -- Preface -- Volume 1 -- 1: Fundamental Concepts -- 1.1 The Atom -- 1.2 Atomic Processes -- 1.3 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus -- 1.4 Nuclear Decay Types -- 1.5 Some Physical Concepts Needed in Nuclear Chemistry -- 1.5.1 Fundamental Forces -- 1.5.2 Elements from Classical Mechanics -- 1.5.3 Relativistic Mechanics -- 1.5.4 The de Broglie Wavelength -- 1.5.5 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle -- 1.5.6 The Standard Model of Particle Physics -- 1.5.7 Force Carriers -- Reference -- Further Reading -- 2: Radioactivity in Nature -- 2.1 Discovery of Radioactivity -- 2.2 Radioactive Substances in Nature -- References -- Further Reading -- 3: Radioelements and Radioisotopes and Their Atomic Masses -- 3.1 Periodic Table of the Elements -- 3.2 Isotopes and the Chart of Nuclides -- 3.3 Nuclide Masses and Binding Energies -- 3.4 Evidence for Shell Structure in Nuclei -- 3.5 Precision Mass Spectrometry -- References -- Further Reading -- 4: Other Physical Properties of Nuclei -- 4.1 Nuclear Radii -- 4.2 Nuclear Angular Momenta -- 4.3 Magnetic Dipole Moments -- 4.4 Electric Quadrupole Moments -- 4.5 Statistics and Parity -- 4.6 Excited States -- References -- Further Reading -- 5: The Nuclear Force and Nuclear Structure -- 5.1 Nuclear Forces -- 5.2 Charge Independence and Isospin -- 5.3 Nuclear Matter -- 5.4 Fermi Gas Model -- 5.5 Shell Model -- 5.6 Collective Motion in Nuclei -- 5.7 Nilsson Model -- 5.8 The Pairing Force and Quasi-Particles -- 5.9 Macroscopic-Microscopic Model -- 5.10 Interacting Boson Approximation -- 5.11 Further Collective Excitations: Coulomb Excitation, High-Spin States, Giant Resonances -- References -- Further Reading -- 6: Decay Modes -- 6.1 Nuclear Instability and Nuclear Spectroscopy -- 6.2 Alpha Decay -- 6.2.1 Hindrance Factors.

6.2.2 Alpha-Decay Energies -- 6.3 Cluster Radioactivity -- 6.4 Proton Radioactivity -- 6.5 Spontaneous Fission -- 6.6 Beta Decay -- 6.6.1 Fundamental Processes -- 6.6.2 Electron Capture-to-Positron Ratios -- 6.6.3 Nuclear Matrix Elements -- 6.6.4 Parity Non-conservation -- 6.6.5 Massive Vector Bosons -- 6.6.6 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix -- 6.7 Electromagnetic Transitions -- 6.7.1 Multipole Order and Selection Rules -- 6.7.2 Transition Probabilities -- 6.7.3 Internal Conversion Coefficients -- 6.7.4 Angular Correlations -- References -- Further Reading -- 7: Radioactive Decay Kinetics -- 7.1 Law and Energy of Radioactive Decay -- 7.2 Radioactive Equilibria -- 7.3 Secular Radioactive Equilibrium -- 7.4 Transient Radioactive Equilibrium -- 7.5 Half-life of Mother Nuclide Shorter than Half-life of Daughter Nuclide -- 7.6 Similar Half-lives -- 7.7 Branching Decay -- 7.8 Successive Transformations -- Reference -- Further Reading -- 8: Nuclear Radiation -- 8.1 General Properties -- 8.2 Heavy Charged Particles (A ≥ 1) -- 8.3 Beta Radiation -- 8.4 Gamma Radiation -- 8.5 Neutrons -- 8.6 Short-lived Elementary Particles in Atoms and Molecules -- References -- Further Reading -- 9: Measurement of Nuclear Radiation -- 9.1 Activity and Counting Rate -- 9.2 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 9.2.1 Ionization Chambers -- 9.2.2 Proportional Counters -- 9.2.3 Geiger-Müller Counters -- 9.3 Scintillation Detectors -- 9.4 Semiconductor Detectors -- 9.5 Choice of Detectors -- 9.6 Spectrometry -- 9.7 Determination of Absolute Disintegration Rates -- 9.8 Use of Coincidence and Anticoincidence Circuits -- 9.9 Low-Level Counting -- 9.10 Neutron Detection and Measurement -- 9.11 Track Detectors -- 9.11.1 Photographic Emulsions and Autoradiography -- 9.11.2 Dielectric Track Detectors -- 9.11.3 Cloud Chambers -- 9.11.4 Bubble Chambers -- 9.11.5 Spark Chambers.

9.12 Detectors Used in Health Physics -- 9.12.1 Portable Counters and Survey Meters -- 9.12.2 Film Badges -- 9.12.3 Pocket Ion Chambers -- 9.12.4 Thermoluminescence Dosimeters -- 9.12.5 Contamination Monitors -- 9.12.6 Whole-Body Counters -- Reference -- Further Reading -- 10: Statistical Considerations in Radioactivity Measurements -- 10.1 Distribution of Random Variables -- 10.2 Probability and Probability Distributions -- 10.3 Maximum Likelihood -- 10.4 Experimental Applications -- 10.5 Statistics of Pulse-Height Distributions -- 10.6 Setting Upper Limits When No Counts Are Observed -- Further Reading -- 11: Techniques in Nuclear Chemistry -- 11.1 Special Aspects of the Chemistry of Radionuclides -- 11.1.1 Short-Lived Radionuclides and the Role of Carriers -- 11.1.2 Radionuclides of High Specific Activity -- 11.1.3 Microamounts of Radioactive Substances -- 11.1.4 Radiocolloids -- 11.1.5 Tracer Techniques -- 11.2 Target Preparation -- 11.3 Measuring Beam Intensity and Fluxes -- 11.4 Neutron Spectrum in Nuclear Reactors -- 11.4.1 Thermal Neutrons -- 11.4.2 Epithermal Neutrons and Resonances -- 11.4.3 Reaction Rates in Thermal Reactors -- 11.5 Production of Radionuclides -- 11.5.1 Production in Nuclear Reactors -- 11.5.2 Production by Accelerators -- 11.5.3 Separation Techniques -- 11.5.4 Radionuclide Generators -- 11.6 Use of Recoil Momenta -- 11.7 Preparation of Samples for Activity Measurements -- 11.8 Determination of Half-Lives -- 11.9 Decay-Scheme Studies -- 11.10 In-Beam Nuclear Reaction Studies -- References -- Further Reading -- Volume 2 -- 12: Nuclear Reactions -- 12.1 Collision Kinematics -- 12.2 Coulomb Trajectories -- 12.3 Cross-sections -- 12.4 Elastic Scattering -- 12.5 Elastic Scattering and Reaction Cross-section -- 12.6 Optical Model -- 12.7 Nuclear Reactions and Models -- 12.7.1 Investigation of Nuclear Reactions.

12.7.2 Compound-Nucleus Model -- 12.7.3 Precompound Decay -- 12.7.4 Direct Reactions -- 12.7.5 Photonuclear Reactions -- 12.7.6 Fission -- 12.7.7 High-Energy Reactions -- 12.8 Nuclear Reactions Revisited with Heavy Ions -- 12.8.1 Heavy-Ion Fusion Reactions -- 12.8.2 Quasi-fission -- 12.8.3 Deep Inelastic Collisions -- 12.8.4 Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, the Phases of Nuclear Matter -- References -- Further Reading -- 13: Chemical Effects of Nuclear Transmutations -- 13.1 General Aspects -- 13.2 Recoil Effects -- 13.3 Excitation Effects -- 13.4 Gases and Liquids -- 13.5 Solids -- 13.6 Szilard-Chalmers Reactions -- 13.7 Recoil Labeling and Self-labeling -- References -- Further Reading -- 14: Influence of Chemical Bonding on Nuclear Properties -- 14.1 Survey -- 14.2 Dependence of Half-Lives on Chemical Bonding -- 14.3 Dependence of Radiation Emission on the Chemical Environment -- 14.4 Mössbauer Spectrometry -- References -- Further Reading -- 15: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Fuel, and Fuel Cycles -- 15.1 Energy Production by Nuclear Fission -- 15.2 Nuclear Fuel and Fuel Cycles -- 15.3 Production of Uranium and Uranium Compounds -- 15.4 Fuel Elements -- 15.5 Nuclear Reactors, Moderators, and Coolants -- 15.6 The Chernobyl Accident -- 15.7 Reprocessing -- 15.8 Radioactive Waste -- 15.9 The Natural Reactors at Oklo -- 15.10 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactors -- 15.11 Nuclear Explosives -- References -- Further Reading -- 16: Sources of Nuclear Bombarding Particles -- 16.1 Neutron Sources -- 16.2 Neutron Generators -- 16.3 Research Reactors -- 16.4 Charged-Particle Accelerators -- 16.4.1 Direct Voltage Accelerators -- 16.4.2 Linear Accelerators -- 16.4.3 Cyclotrons -- 16.4.4 Synchrocyclotrons, Synchrotrons -- 16.4.5 Radioactive Ion Beams -- 16.4.6 Photon Sources -- References -- Further Reading -- 17: Radioelements.

17.1 Natural and Artificial Radioelements -- 17.2 Technetium and Promethium -- 17.3 Production of Transuranic Elements -- 17.3.1 Hot-Fusion Reactions -- 17.3.2 Cold-Fusion Reactions -- 17.3.3 48Ca-Induced Fusion Reactions -- 17.4 Cross-sections -- 17.5 Nuclear Structure of Superheavy Elements -- 17.6 Spectroscopy of Actinides and Transactinides -- 17.7 Properties of the Actinides -- 17.8 Chemical Properties of the Transactinides -- 17.8.1 Prediction of Electron Configurations and the Architecture of the Periodic Table of the Elements -- 17.8.2 Methods to Investigate the Chemistry of the Transactinides -- 17.8.3 Selected Experimental Results -- References -- Further Reading -- 18: Radionuclides in Geo- and Cosmochemistry -- 18.1 Natural Abundances of the Elements and Isotope Variations -- 18.2 General Aspects of Cosmochemistry -- 18.3 Early Stages of the Universe -- 18.4 Synthesis of the Elements in the Stars -- 18.4.1 Evolution of Stars -- 18.4.2 Evolution of the Earth -- 18.4.3 Thermonuclear Reaction Rates -- 18.4.4 Hydrogen Burning -- 18.4.5 Helium Burning -- 18.4.6 Synthesis of Nuclei with A  60 -- 18.5 The Solar Neutrino Problem -- 18.6 Interstellar Matter and Cosmic Radiation -- 18.6.1 Interstellar Matter -- 18.6.2 Cosmic Radiation -- 18.6.3 Radionuclides from Cosmic Rays -- 18.6.4 Cosmic-Ray Effects in Meteorites -- 18.6.5 Abundance of Li, Be, and B -- References -- Further Reading -- 19: Dating by Nuclear Methods -- 19.1 General Aspect -- 19.2 Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 19.3 Terrestrial Mother/Daughter Nuclide Pairs -- 19.4 Natural Decay Series -- 19.5 Ratios of Stable Isotopes -- 19.6 Radioactive Disequilibria -- 19.7 Fission Tracks -- References -- Further Reading -- 20: Radioanalysis -- 20.1 General Aspects -- 20.2 Analysis on the Basis of Inherent Radioactivity.

20.3 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA).