Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1 Current Developments -- 1 Design Considerations for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Background -- 1.1.2 Theory -- 1.1.2.1 Photovoltaic Processes in Donor-Acceptor (D-A) System -- 1.1.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of a PV Cell under Illumination -- 1.1.2.3 Parameters Governing Performance of Solar Cells -- 1.2 Role of Interfacial Layer for Efficient BHJ Solar Cells -- 1.2.1 Role of Interfacial Layer on Voc -- 1.2.2 Infl uence on Active Layer Vertical Morphology Based on underneath Interfacial Layer -- 1.2.3 Light Trapping Strategies and Plasmonic Effects for Efficient Light Harvesting -- 1.2.4 Morphology Control of Active Layer and ETL by Processing -- 1.3 Selection of Interfacial Layer for Stable and Longer Lifetime -- 1.3.1 Stability of Active Layer Materials -- 1.3.2 Stability of Metal Electrodes -- 1.3.3 Stability of Transparent Electrode -- 1.3.4 Stability by Electron Transport Layers (ETLs) -- 1.3.5 Stability by Hole Transport Layers (HTLs) -- 1.4 Materials Used as Interfacial Layer -- 1.4.1 Conventional Solar Cell Devices -- 1.4.1.1 Cathode and Electron Transport Layers -- 1.4.1.2 Anode and Hole Transport Layers -- 1.4.2 Inverted Device Structure -- 1.4.2.1 Cathode and Electron Transport Layers -- 1.4.2.2 Anode and Hole Transport Layers -- 1.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 Carbazole-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Role of Carbazole as Donor, Auxiliary Donor and π-linker -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbazole as a Donor for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells -- 2.2.1 Carbazole as Donor via C3-Position -- 2.2.2 Carbazole as Donor and Linked through N9-position -- 2.3 Carbazole as a π-Linker -- 2.3.1 Carbazole as a Bridge via C2, C7 Positions -- 2.3.2 Carbazole as a Linker via C3, C6 Positions.

2.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor for DSSC -- 2.4.1 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C2-position -- 2.4.2 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C3-Position -- 2.4.3 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via N9-Position -- 2.4.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C3, C6-positions -- 2.5 Carbazole as Donor as Well as Linker for DSSC -- 2.6 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Colloidal Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals for Photovoltaic Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals -- 3.2.1 Ligand Shell and Colloidal Stability -- 3.2.2 Adjusting the Reactivity of the Precursors -- 3.2.3 Shape Control -- 3.2.4 Crystallographic Structure -- 3.2.5 Composition -- 3.3 Application of Colloidal CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in Solar Energy Conversion -- 3.3.1 All-Inorganic Solar Cells -- 3.3.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells -- 3.3.3 Nanocrystal Sensitized Solar Cells -- 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 4 Two Dimensional Layered Semiconductors: Emerging Materials for Solar Photovoltaics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material Synthesis -- 4.2.1 Chemical Exfoliation -- 4.2.2 CVD Synthesis of 2D Layered Semiconductors MoS2 and WS2 -- 4.2.3 Material Characterization -- 4.3 Photovoltaic Device Fabrication -- 4.3.1 Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells -- 4.3.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells -- 4.3.3 Device Characterization -- 4.4 Microstructural and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of MoS2 and WS2 -- 4.5 Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation -- 4.5.1 BHJ Solar Cells -- 4.5.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells -- 4.6 Electronic Transport and Interfacial Recombination -- 4.6.1 BHJ Solar Cells -- 4.6.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells -- 4.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 5 Control of ZnO Nanorods for Polymer Solar Cells -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Preparation and Characterization of ZnO NRs.

5.2.1 ZnO NRs Prepared by Hydrothermal Method -- 5.2.1.1 Control of HMT and Zn(NO3)2 -- 5.2.1.2 Control of Seed Layer Synthesis and Heating Temperature -- 5.2.2 Morphology Control of ZnO NRs -- 5.2.3 Summary of ZnO NR Growth -- 5.3 Application of ZnO NR in Polymer Solar Cells -- 5.3.1 ZnO-NR/Polymer Solar Cells Based on Vertically-Aligned Zno NRs -- 5.3.2 ZnO NR as a Cathode Buffer Layer in Polymer Solar Cells -- 5.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part 2 Noble Approaches -- 6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background -- 6.2.1 DSCC Operation Principle -- 6.2.2 DSSC Structure -- 6.2.3 DSSC Challenges -- 6.2.4 DSSC Components -- 6.2.4.1 Working Electrode -- 6.2.4.2 Dye Sensitizer -- 6.2.4.3 Electrolyte -- 6.2.4.4 Platinum-Coated Counter Electrode -- 6.2.4.5 Equivalent Circuit of DSSC -- 6.3 DSSC Key Performance Parameters -- 6.4 Device Improvements -- 6.4.1 Experimental -- 6.4.1.1 Working Electrode Preparation -- 6.4.1.2 Cell Assembly -- 6.4.1.3 Electrolyte Injection -- 6.4.2 DSSC Performance Results -- 6.4.2.1 TiO2 Film Thickness Optimization -- 6.4.2.2 Optimization of Nanoparticle Size in TiO2 -- 6.4.2.3 Scaling Down the DSS Cell Size -- 6.5 DSSC Performance with Different Electrolytes -- 6.5.1 Liquid Electrolyte -- 6.5.2 Quasi-Solid Electrolyte -- 6.6 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 7 Nanoimprint Lithography for Photovoltaic Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soft Lithography -- 7.2.1 Soft Lithography Methods -- 7.2.2 Stamp Materials Used for Nanoimprint Lithography -- 7.3 NIL-Based Techniques for PV -- 7.3.1 Antireflection Layers Prepared with NIL Methods -- 7.3.1.1 Structured Substrates - Outside -- 7.3.1.2 Structured Wafers -- 7.3.1.3 Structured Substrates - Inside -- 7.3.2 NIL-Patterned Films as Etching Masks -- 7.3.3 NIL for Organic Solar Cell Processing.

7.3.4 Plasmonic Films Prepared with NIL Methods -- 7.3.5 Up-Scaling Potential of NIL Processes -- 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8 Indoor Photovoltaics: Efficiencies, Measurements and Design -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Indoor Radiation -- 8.2.1 Spectra and Intensities -- 8.3 Maximum Efficiencies -- 8.3.1 Maximum Indoor Efficiencies and Ideal Materials -- 8.3.2 Monochromatic Radiation -- 8.3.3 Intensity Effects -- 8.4 Optimization Strategies -- 8.5 Characterization and Measured Efficiencies -- 8.6 Irradiance Measurements -- 8.7 Characterization -- 8.8 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 9 Photon Management in Rare Earth Doped Nanomaterials for Solar Cells -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Aspects of Solar Cell -- 9.2.1 Mechanism of Efficiency Limitation -- 9.2.2 EQEs of Solar Cells -- 9.2.3 Photon Management Approaches to Enhance the Efficiency of Solar Cell -- 9.3 Up-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application -- 9.3.1 Principles of Photon Up-Conversion -- 9.3.2 Spectroscopy Analysis and Application Demonstration -- 9.4 Down-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application -- 9.4.1 Principles of Photon Down-Conversion -- 9.4.2 Experimental and Spectroscopy Analysis -- 9.4.3 Evaluation -- 9.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- 9.5.1 Solution-Processable Nano-Coating for Broadband Up-Converter or Down-Converter -- 9.5.2 Efficient Photon Management Using Nanoplasmonic Effect -- References -- Part 3 Developments in Prospective -- 10 Advances in Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaic Devices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Plasmonics Basics -- 10.1.2 Metamaterials -- 10.2 Theoretical Approaches to Plasmonic Light Trapping Mechanisms in Thin-film PV -- 10.2.1 Optimal Cell Geometry Modeling -- 10.2.2 Optical Properties Simulations -- 10.2.3 Electrical Properties Simulations.

10.3 Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Cells Optical Properties -- 10.3.1 Light Trapping in Bulk Si Solar Cells -- 10.3.2 Plasmonic Light-Trapping Mechanisms for Thin-Film PV Devices -- 10.3.3 Experimental Results -- 10.4 Fabrication Techniques and Economics -- 10.4.1 Lithography Nanofabrication Techniques -- 10.4.2 Physical/Chemical Processing Techniques -- 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Recent Research and Development of Luminescent Solar Concentrators -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mechanisms of Power Losses in Luminescent Solar Concentrator -- 11.3 Modeling -- 11.3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling -- 11.3.2 Ray Tracing Modeling -- 11.3.3 Hybrid of Thermodynamic and Ray-Tracing Method -- 11.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulations -- 11.4 Polymer Materials -- 11.5 Luminescent Materials for Luminescent Solar Concentrator -- 11.5.1 Organic Dyes in LSC -- 11.5.2 Quantum Dots -- 11.5.3 Rare Earth -- 11.5.4 Semiconducting Polymer -- 11.6 New Designs of Luminescent Solar Concentrator -- 11.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 12 Luminescent Solar Concentrators - State of the Art and Future Perspectives -- 12.1 Introduction to the Third Generation of Photovoltaic Systems -- 12.2 Luminescence Solar Concentrators (LSCs) -- 12.2.1 Description of LSC Devices -- 12.2.2 The Efficiency and Losses Mechanism in LSC Devices -- 12.3 Components of LSC Devices -- 12.3.1 Waveguide Slab -- 12.3.2 Fluorophore -- 12.3.2.1 Organic Fluorescent Dyes -- 12.3.2.2 Quantum Dots -- 12.3.2.3 Rare-Earth Materials -- 12.3.3 Solar Cells -- 12.3.4 Experimental Results -- 12.4 Pathways for Improving LSC Effi ciency -- 12.4.1 Escape-Cone losses (PTIR) -- 12.4.2 Absorption Losses -- 12.4.3 Self Absorption Losses -- 12.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Organic Fluorophores for Luminescent Solar Concentrators -- 13.1 Introduction.

13.2 LSCs: Device Operation and Main Features.