Front Cover -- Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Introduction -- 1.1. CHALLENGES OF MASS PRODUCING BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS -- 1.2. CHALLENGES OF ARTHROPOD MASS PRODUCTION FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL -- 1.3. CHALLENGES OF MASS PRODUCING PATHOGENS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL -- 1.4. CHALLENGES OF MASS REARING INVERTEBRATES FOR THEIR PRODUCTS AND ECOLOGICAL SERVICES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Production of Coleopteran Predators -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. FOODS AND PRODUCTION OF PREDATORS -- 2.3. REARING DENSITY AND PRODUCTION -- 2.4. TEMPERATURE AND PRODUCTION -- 2.5. QUALITY CONTROL AND PRODUCTION -- 2.6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - Production of Heteropteran Predators -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. FOODS -- 3.3. PLANT MATERIALS AND ALTERNATIVES -- 3.4. CROWDING AND CANNIBALISM -- 3.5. MICROORGANISMS -- 3.6. BREEDING AND COLONY MAINTENANCE -- 3.7. MASS-REARING SYSTEMS -- 3.8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Production of Dipteran Parasitoids -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. DIPTERAN PARASITOIDS AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS -- 4.3. ASPECTS OF DIPTERAN PARASITOID BIOLOGY OF SPECIAL INTEREST FOR PRODUCTION -- 4.4. PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES -- 4.5. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Mass Rearing Bemisia Parasitoids for Support of Classical and Augmentative Biological Control Programs -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. LABORATORY CULTURE -- 5.3. OUTDOOR FIELD CAGE PRODUCTION -- 5.4. LARGE-SCALE GREENHOUSE-BASED SYSTEM -- 5.5. CONCLUSION -- 5.6. USDA DISCLAIMER -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - Mass Rearing of the Stem-Galling Wasp Tetramesa romana, a Biological Control Agent of the Invasive Weed Arundo donax -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION.

6.2. BIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE ARUNDO WASP -- 6.3. A PLANT-BASED MASS REARING SYSTEM FOR THE ARUNDO WASP -- 6.4. CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AND ADDRESSED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS REARING -- 6.5. USE OF MASS REARED ARUNDO WASPS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ARUNDO -- 6.6. INVESTIGATIONS INTO AN ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR REARING OF THE ARUNDO WASP -- 6.7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 - Artificial Diet Development for Entomophagous Arthropods -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. ARTHROPOD NUTRITION -- 7.3. DETERMINING THE BASIC FORMULATION -- 7.4. PRESENTATION -- 7.5. DIET REFINING -- 7.6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- 7.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 - Life Tables as Tools of Evaluation and Quality Control for Arthropod Mass Production -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. LIFE TABLE -- 8.3. CASE STUDIES -- 8.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 - Concepts and Methods of Quality Assurance for Mass-Reared Parasitoids and Predators -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE MARKETPLACE -- 9.3. CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE -- 9.4. BUILDING A COMPLETE QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM -- 9.5. QUALITY ASSESSMENTS OF MASS-REARED NATURAL ENEMIES -- 9.6. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS -- 9.7. QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM REVIEW -- 9.8. RESEARCH ON QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR MASS-REARED PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS -- 9.9. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 - Production of Entomopathogenic Nematodes -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. IN VIVO PRODUCTION -- 10.3. IN VITRO PRODUCTION: SOLID CULTURE -- 10.4. IN VITRO PRODUCTION: LIQUID CULTURE -- 10.5. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 - Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi: State of the Art -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION.

11.2. PRODUCTION METHODS FOR THE IMPORTANT INSECT PATHOGENIC FUNGI -- 11.3. PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL IN MASS PRODUCTION -- 11.4. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EFFECT OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS ON PROPAGULE ATTRIBUTES -- 11.5. THE CHALLENGE IN MASS PRODUCTION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 - Commercial Production of Entomopathogenic Bacteria -- 12.1. BIOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL BACTERIAL ENTOMOPATHOGENS -- 12.2. BIOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL BACTERIAL ENTOMOPATHOGENS -- 12.3. PATHOGENESIS AND PEST CONTROL IMPACT -- 12.4. CULTURE SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE -- 12.5. INOCULUM PREPARATION FOR ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA -- 12.6. FERMENTATION MEDIUM SELECTION -- 12.7. RECOVERY AND CONCENTRATION STEPS -- 12.8. FORMULATION SELECTION -- 12.9. FORMULATION STANDARDIZATION -- 12.10. QUALITY ASSURANCE METHODS -- 12.11. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 - Production of Entomopathogenic Viruses -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. IN VIVO PRODUCTION OF BACULOVIRUS-BASED BIOPESTICIDES -- 13.3. IN VITRO PRODUCTION: CURRENT STATUS -- 13.4. LIMITATIONS TO BIOREACTOR PRODUCTION OF BACULOVIRUS-BASED PESTICIDES -- 13.5. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR BIOREACTOR PRODUCTION OF BACULOVIRUS-BASED PESTICIDES -- 13.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 - Formulations of Entomopathogens as Bioinsecticides -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 14.3. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 14.4. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ON FORMULATION -- 14.5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OF BIOPESTICIDE FORMULATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 - Mass Production of Entomopathogens in Less Industrialized Countries -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTOMOPATHOGEN UPTAKE IN LESS INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES -- 15.3. PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS FOR ENTOMOPATHOGEN UPTAKE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

15.4. PRODUCTION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS IN LESS INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES -- 15.5. PRODUCTION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI -- 15.6. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES FROM OTHER COUNTRIES -- 15.7. OTHER SYSTEMS -- 15.8. MASS PRODUCTION OF BACULOVIRUSES -- 15.9. OTHER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS -- 15.10. GENERIC PRODUCTION ISSUES -- 15.11. REQUIREMENTS FOR ESTABLISHING BIOPESTICIDE INDUSTRIES IN LICS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16 - Insect Protein as a Partial Replacement for Fishmeal in the Diets of Juvenile Fish and Crustaceans -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. MODEL INSECTS AND POTENTIAL AS FEED FOR FISH -- 16.3. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPANSION OF MARKET FOR INSECTS AS FEED -- 16.4. QUALITY CONTROL AND PRODUCTION -- 16.5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17 - Insects as Food for Insectivores -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. NUTRIENT CONTENT OF INSECTS -- 17.3. EFFECTS OF INSECT SIZE/LIFE STAGE ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION -- 17.4. EFFECTS OF INSECT DIET ON INSECT NUTRIENT COMPOSITION -- 17.5. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON INSECT COMPOSITION -- 17.6. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF INSECTIVORES, INCLUDING DIET AVAILABILITY -- 17.7. ENHANCING THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF INSECTS AS FOOD FOR INSECTIVORES -- 17.8. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS -- 17.9. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18 - Insects for Human Consumption -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. HISTORIC AND CULTURAL PRECEDENTS FOR INSECTS AS FOOD -- 18.3. NUTRITIONAL AND HUMAN HEALTH VALUE OF INSECTS -- 18.4. INSECTS AS A SUSTAINABLE SOURCE OF HUMAN FOOD -- 18.5. CURRENT EXAMPLES OF MASS-PRODUCED INSECTS WITH POTENTIAL AS HUMAN FOOD -- 18.6. POTENTIAL PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS FROM MASS-PRODUCED FOOD OR FEED INSECTS -- 18.7. Conclusions and a Call to Action -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19 - Production of Solitary Bees for Pollination in the United States -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION.

19.2. THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTING BEE -- 19.3. THE ALKALI BEE -- 19.4. THE BLUE ORCHARD BEE -- 19.6. OTHER SOLITARY BEES OF INTEREST FOR POLLINATION -- 19.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20 - Current and Potential Benefits of Mass Earthworm Culture -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. CURRENT APPLICATIONS -- 20.3. THE FUTURE FOR MASS EARTHWORM CULTURE -- REFERENCES -- Index.