Dementia -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Dementia -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Epidemiology -- Assessment -- History -- Physical examination -- Laboratory studies -- Types of dementia -- Alzheimer ' s disease -- Vascular dementia -- Lewy body dementia -- Frontotemporal dementia -- Problems with current classifications -- Biomarkers -- Imaging -- Future of dementia diagnosis -- Further reading -- 2 Rapidly Progressive Dementia and its Mimics -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Epidemiology -- Spongiform disorders -- Other rapidly progressive neurodegenerative dementias -- Atypical presentations of other heredodegenerative disorders -- Autoimmune causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Clinical manifestations -- Etiology and pathogenesis -- Neural autoantibodies associated with autoimmune dementias -- Diagnostic approach -- Treatment -- Vascular causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Infectious causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Viral -- Bacterial -- Fungal, parasitic, and mycobacterial -- Neoplastic causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Toxic causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Psychiatric causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Metabolic causes of rapidly progressive dementia -- Mitochondrial disorders -- Leukodystrophies -- When to consider brain biopsy -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 3 Young Onset Dementia: How Much Diagnostic Testing is Enough? -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Approach to diagnosis -- Diagnostic testing -- Round 1 -- Round 2 -- Round 2.5 -- Round 3 -- Round 4 -- In the event of an unsuccessful diagnosis -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 4 An Approach to the Problem of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus -- Introduction -- Demographics -- Classification of normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Pathophysiology -- Symptoms -- Gait and balance -- Control of urination -- Cognition -- Diagnostic criteria -- Differential diagnosis -- Neuroimaging -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Depression: Cause or Complication of Cognitive Decline? -- Introduction -- Current understanding of geriatric depression and the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment -- Biopsychosocial factors that may contribute to geriatric depression -- Apathy versus depression -- Clinical approach to diagnosis of depression in the elderly -- Management of depression in patients with dementia -- Further reading -- 6 Mild Cognitive Impairment -- Introduction -- Definition -- Mild cognitive impairment subtypes -- Pathophysiology -- Neuropsychological assessment -- Biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment -- Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) -- Neuroimaging -- Magnetic resonance imaging -- FDG-PET and SPECT scans -- Amyloid PET -- Genetic markers -- Diagnosis of etiological subtypes of mild cognitive impairment -- MCI-AD -- VaMCI -- Differential diagnosis of etiological subtypes of mild cognitive impairment -- Psychiatric aspects of mild cognitive impairment -- Ethical considerations of early diagnosis of predementia states -- Predictors of rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia -- Treatment of mild cognitive impairment -- Prevention of mild cognitive impairment among at-risk cognitively normal elderly people -- Lifestyle changes -- Management of medical risk factors -- Avoidance of chronic use of certain prescription medications -- Use of supplements and prescription medications -- References -- 7 After the Diagnosis: Continuing Neurological Care of the Outpatient with Dementia -- Introduction: from diagnosis to care -- What is the role for the neurologist after diagnosis? -- Partnering in dementia care.

Diagnostic considerations specific to dementia -- Family conferences -- Medications -- Prescribing considerations -- Antidementia medications -- Off-label prescribing -- Alternative medicine -- Other medications -- Anesthesia and surgery -- Stages of dementia -- Prognosis -- Follow-up assessment -- Planning -- Driving and other safety issues -- Weapons and hunting -- Other safety issues -- Neuroimaging, laboratory testing, and other tests -- Hospitalization -- Genetics and prevention -- Refer for research -- Helping the helper -- Care options -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 8 Using Psychotropic Medications to Manage Problem Behaviors in Dementia -- Introduction -- General treatment approach -- Agitation and aggression -- Mild agitation -- Moderate to severe agitation and aggression -- Hallucinations and delusions -- Sleep disturbance -- Depression -- Apathy -- Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia -- Further reading -- 9 Palliative Care in Advanced Dementias -- Introduction and overview -- Predictable patient and family needs - and essential elements of dementia care -- Disease trajectory, dementia treatment, and prognosis -- Alleviating suffering and improving quality of life -- Activities of daily living and dementia staging simplified -- Families' journeys and supportive counseling -- Decision making and advance care planning -- Counseling and anticipatory guidance for advanced stage dependence -- Life completion and closure -- Watch Over Me: a framework and guiding principles for advanced dementia -- Guiding principle #1: be prepared -- Guiding principle #2: create the space -- Guiding principle #3: set an agenda -- Guiding principle #4: deliver the person with dementia from anonymity -- Guiding principle #5: state the obvious -- Guiding principle #6: determine understanding of illness -- Guiding principle #7: identify hope.

Guiding principle #8: normalize feelings of relief in grief -- Guiding principle #9: tailoring -- Guiding principle #10: everybody dies of something -- Guiding principle #11: goal-based versus problem-based approach to care: the unasked question -- Watch Over Me: conversational guiding principles for advanced dementia -- Prognostication and hospice care in dementia -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues in Dementia -- Introduction -- Distinctive aspects of providing care in dementia -- Conceptual foundations for decision making in cognitive impairment -- Capacity versus competence -- Assessing decision-making capacity -- Important considerations when clinicians suspect that patients lack capacity -- Surrogate decision making: substituted judgment or best interests -- Substituted interests model -- Common issues for clinicians -- Participation in research -- Advance directives -- Driving -- Voting -- Elder abuse -- Caring for caregivers -- Broader social and cultural reflections -- Further reading -- 11 Assessing Outcomes in Dementia Care -- Introduction -- Cognition -- Mini-Mental State Examination -- Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) -- St Louis University Mental Status Examination (SLUMS) -- Alzheimer ' s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS -Cog) -- Neuropsychological testing -- Functional abilities -- Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale -- The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living -- (Pfeffer) Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) -- Quality of life -- Alzheimer's Disease-Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) -- Cornell-Brown Scale for QoL in Dementia (CBS) -- Quality of Life-Alzheimer ' s Disease (QoL-AD) -- Neuropsychiatric symptoms -- Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) -- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) -- Caregiver burden -- Zarit Burden Interview.

Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist (RMBPC) -- Caregiver time-based assessments -- Global assessment -- Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) -- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC) -- Hospitalizations, Nursing Home Placement, and Mortality -- More on pay for performance and quality measures -- Practical approach to capturing key outcomes -- Conclusion -- Further reading -- 12 Primary Prevention of Dementia -- Introduction -- Alzheimer's disease and vascular risk -- What are the best established modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's dementia? -- Smoking -- Depression -- Physical inactivity -- Cognitive inactivity -- Dietary factors -- Medications -- What modifiable risk factors have been evaluated in controlled clinical trials? -- Is there a way to evaluate the cognitive benefits of controlling depression and established vascular risk factors? -- How can these recommendations be translated into concrete and professionally responsible advice for subjects at risk? -- A final word -- Further reading -- Index -- Supplementary Images.