Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber Composites -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What Is Wood? -- 1.3 Natural Fibers -- 1.3.1 Fibers -- 1.3.2 Lignocellulosic Materials -- 1.3.3 Worldwide Lignocellulosic Fiber Resources -- 1.3.4 Wood as a Teaching Example -- 1.4 Composite Concept -- 1.4.1 Composites Are Important Materials -- 1.4.2 What Is a Composite? -- 1.4.3 Taxonomy of Matrix Composites -- 1.4.4 Laminar Composites -- 1.4.5 Taxonomy of Wood and Natural Fiber Composites -- 1.4.6 Composite Scale -- 1.5 Cellular Solids -- 1.5.1 Natural and Synthetic Cellular Solids -- 1.5.2 Relative Density -- 1.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book -- References -- 2 Lignocellulosic Materials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 2.2.1 Polymers: Structure and Properties -- 2.2.2 Lignocellulose -- 2.2.3 Cellulose -- 2.2.4 Hemicelluloses -- 2.2.5 Pectins -- 2.2.6 Lignin -- 2.2.7 Extractives and Extraneous Materials -- 2.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System -- 2.3.1 Skeletal Framework Polymers -- 2.3.2 Reinforced Matrix Theory -- 2.3.3 Cell Wall Ultrastructure -- 2.3.4 Cell Wall Structure Dictates Physical Properties -- 2.3.5 Cell Wall Structure from Molecular to Anatomic Level -- 2.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants -- 2.4.1 Plant Cell Walls Are Not Solitary Entities -- 2.4.2 Structure of Grain Crop Stems -- 2.4.3 Structure of Herbaceous Biomass Crop Stems -- 2.4.4 Structure of Bast Fiber Stems -- 2.4.5 Structure of Woody Monocotyledons -- 2.4.6 Wood -- 2.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems -- 2.6 Cellular Solids Revisited -- References -- 3 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar -- 3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes -- 3.3 Moisture Interactions -- 3.3.1 Moisture Content -- 3.3.2 Hygroscopicity -- 3.3.3 States of Water in Wood -- 3.3.4 Capillary or Free Water -- 3.3.5 Shrinking and Swelling due to Moisture Flux -- 3.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood -- 3.4.1 Density of Wood -- 3.4.2 Specific Gravity of Wood -- 3.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid -- 3.5.1 Relative Density of Wood -- 3.6 Mechanical Properties -- 3.6.1 Compression Strength -- 3.6.2 Compression Strength of Wood versus Relative Density -- 3.6.3 Mechanical Properties in Context -- 3.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials -- References -- 4 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers -- 4.2.1 Polyethylene -- 4.2.2 Polystyrene: Isotactic, Syndiotactic, and Atactic -- 4.2.3 Degree of Crystallinity, Revisited -- 4.2.4 Thermal Softening of Amorphous Polymers: Glass Transition Temperature, Tg -- 4.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers -- 4.3.1 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers: Empirical Data -- 4.3.2 Kwei Equation: Modeling Tg of Wood Polymers -- 4.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 4.4.1 Time-Temperature Superposition -- 4.4.2 Viscoelasticity in Mechanical Systems -- 4.4.3 Stress and Strain -- 4.4.4 A Trampoline Analogy -- 4.4.5 Hysteresis -- 4.4.6 A Classic Model of Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation: Maxwell Body -- 4.4.7 Lignocellulosic Materials Are Viscoelastic -- 4.5 Heat and Mass Transfer -- 4.5.1 Hot Pressing Parameters -- 4.5.2 Thermodynamics 101 -- 4.5.3 Thermodynamics of Water -- 4.5.4 Mass Transfer: Moisture Vapor Movement -- 4.5.5 Heat Transfer: Conduction -- 4.5.6 Heat Transfer: Convection -- 4.5.7 Internal Mat Conditions.

4.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested during Hot Pressing -- 4.6.1 Response of a Viscoelastic Foam to Compression -- 4.6.2 Viscoelastic Response of Lignocellulosic Material to Thermocompression -- 4.6.3 Vertical Density Profile -- 4.7 Press Cycles -- 4.7.1 Effect of Press Closing Time on Development of Vertical Density Profile -- 4.7.2 Effect of Mat Moisture Content on Face Density -- 4.7.3 Effect of Furnish Density and Compaction Ratio on Composite Properties -- 4.8 Horizontal Density Distribution -- 4.8.1 In-Plane Density Variation -- 4.8.2 Thickness Swelling -- References -- 5 Fundamentals of Adhesion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science -- 5.2.1 A Brief History of Adhesion Science -- 5.2.2 Adhesive Bonding -- 5.2.3 Adherend -- 5.2.4 Adhesive -- 5.2.5 Adhesive Joint -- 5.2.6 Marra's Concept of Bond Anatomy -- 5.2.7 Contemporary Concept of Bond Anatomy -- 5.2.8 Scale of Adhesive Bond Interactions -- 5.3 Adhesion Theories -- 5.3.1 Overview of Adhesion Theories -- 5.3.2 Mechanical Adhesion -- 5.3.3 Specific Adhesion -- 5.4 Surface Interactions -- 5.4.1 Surface Interactions Are Critical Determinants of Adhesion -- 5.4.2 Surface Energy of Liquids and Solids -- 5.4.3 Wetting Phenomenon -- 5.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupré Equation -- 5.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends -- 5.6.1 Adhesive Resin-Substrate Interactions -- 5.6.2 Adhesion as a Surface Phenomenon -- 5.6.3 Lignocellulosic Adherends Present Challenges to Adhesion -- 5.6.4 Wood Adherend Variables -- 5.6.5 Mechanisms of Wood Bonding -- 5.6.6 Durable Wood Adhesive Bonds -- References -- 6 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives -- 6.2.1 Most Wood Adhesives Are Organic Polymers -- 6.2.2 Molecular Weight, Viscosity, Gel Time, and Tack Are Important Attributes of Polymeric Adhesive Resins.

6.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers -- 6.3.1 Classification of Adhesives by Origin -- 6.3.2 Classification of Adhesives by Structural Integrity and Service Environment -- 6.3.3 Classification of Adhesives by Response to Heat -- 6.4 Amino Resins -- 6.4.1 Urea Formaldehyde Resins -- 6.4.2 Melamine Formaldehyde Resins -- 6.5 Phenolic Resins -- 6.5.1 Resoles (Resols) -- 6.5.2 Novolacs (Novolaks) -- 6.5.3 Comparison of Key Attributes and Uses of Resoles and Novolacs -- 6.6 Resorcinol Resins -- 6.6.1 Synthesis -- 6.6.2 Cure Chemistry -- 6.6.3 Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde (PRF) -- 6.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives -- 6.7.1 Isocyanate Synthesis -- 6.7.2 Isocyanates Used as Wood Adhesives -- 6.7.3 Polyurethane Adhesives -- 6.8 Epoxy Adhesives -- 6.8.1 Synthesis -- 6.8.2 Cure Chemistry -- 6.8.3 Durability of Wood-Epoxy Bonds -- 6.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives -- 6.9.1 Synthesis -- 6.9.2 Solvent Loss Cure Mechanism -- 6.9.3 Modified PVAc -- 6.10 Hot Melts and Mastics -- 6.10.1 Hot Melts -- 6.10.2 Mastics -- 6.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources -- 6.11.1 Classes of Natural Materials for Adhesives -- 6.11.2 Lignins in Adhesive Formulation -- 6.11.3 Plant-Derived Tannins as Adhesives -- 6.11.4 Soy Protein Adhesives -- 6.11.5 Animal Protein Adhesives -- 6.11.6 Adhesives Future -- References -- 7 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class -- 7.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology -- 7.4 A Generic Process Flow -- 7.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input -- 7.5.1 Glued-Laminated Timber and Cross-Laminated Timber -- 7.5.2 Plywood, Laminated Veneer Lumber and Parallel Strand Lumber -- 7.5.3 Strand Composites -- 7.5.4 Particleboard -- 7.5.5 Medium Density Fiberboard and Hardboard.

7.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations -- 7.6.1 Material Needs -- 7.6.2 Clamping or Consolidation Pressure -- 7.6.3 Glue Application Rate for Lumber and Veneer Substrates -- 7.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output -- 7.7.1 Measures for Lumber- and Timber-Like Products -- 7.7.2 Measures for Panel Products -- 7.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials -- 7.8.1 A Brief History of Inorganic-Bonded Materials -- 7.8.2 Cement-Bonded Materials -- 7.8.3 Gypsum-Bonded Materials -- References -- 8 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Synthetic Petrochemical Polymers -- 8.1.2 Bio-Based Polymers -- 8.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance -- 8.2.1 Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical Properties -- 8.2.2 Thermal Degradation -- 8.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology -- 8.3.1 Extrusion: A Fundamental Processing Platform -- 8.3.2 Injection Molding -- 8.3.3 Compression Molding -- 8.3.4 Thermal Forming -- 8.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers -- 8.4.1 Introduction -- 8.4.2 Coupling Agents: Definition -- 8.4.3 Coupling Agents: Classification and Function -- 8.4.4 Coupling Agents: Coupling Mechanism -- 8.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics -- 8.5.1 Challenges for Melt Blending of Natural Fibers -- 8.5.2 Compounding Processes -- 8.5.3 Compounding Principle -- 8.5.4 Melt Rheological Properties -- 8.5.5 Industrial Compounding and Extrusion of WPC -- 8.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites -- 8.6.1 Mechanical Properties -- 8.6.2 Thermal Expansion Properties -- 8.6.3 Biological Resistance Properties -- 8.6.4 UV Resistance Properties -- References -- Index.