Aeration Control System Design: A Practical Guide to Energy and Process Optimization -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Basic Concepts and Objectives -- 1.2 Safety -- 1.3 The Importance of an Integrated Approach -- 1.4 Importance of Operator Involvement -- 1.5 The Benefits of Successful Aeration Process Automation -- 1.5.1 Energy Cost Reduction -- 1.5.2 Treatment Performance -- 1.5.3 Improved Equipment Life -- Example Problems -- 2 Initial System Assessment -- 2.1 Define Current Operations -- 2.1.1 Energy Cost -- 2.1.2 Energy Consumption Patterns -- 2.1.3 Influent and Effluent Process Parameters -- 2.1.4 Treatment Performance -- 2.2 Evaluate Process and Equipment -- 2.3 Benchmark Performance -- 2.4 Estimate Potential Energy Savings and Performance Improvement -- 2.5 Prepare Report -- Example Problems -- 3 Aeration Processes -- 3.1 Process Fundamentals -- 3.1.1 Peripheral Equipment and Processes -- 3.1.2 BOD Removal -- 3.1.3 Nitrification -- 3.1.4 Denitrification -- 3.2 Loading Variations and Their Implications -- 3.3 Process Limitations and Their Impact on Control Systems -- Example Problems -- 4 Mechanical and Diffused Aeration Systems -- 4.1 Oxygen Transfer Basics -- 4.2 Types of Aerators -- 4.2.1 Mechanical Aerators -- 4.2.2 Mechanical Aeration Control Techniques -- 4.2.3 Diffused Aeration -- 4.2.4 Diffused Aeration Control Techniques -- 4.3 Savings Determinations -- Example Problems -- 5 Blowers and Blower Control -- 5.1 Common Application and Selection Concerns -- 5.1.1 Properties of Air -- 5.1.2 Effect of Humidity -- 5.1.3 Pressure Effects -- 5.1.4 Common Performance Characteristics -- 5.2 Positive Displacement Blowers and Control Characteristics -- 5.2.1 Types and Characteristics -- 5.2.2 Lobe Type PD Blowers -- 5.2.3 Screw Blowers.

5.2.4 Control and Equipment Protection Considerations -- 5.3 Dynamic Blowers -- 5.3.1 Types and Characteristics -- 5.3.2 Multistage Centrifugal Blowers -- 5.3.3 Geared Single Stage Centrifugal Blowers -- 5.3.4 Turbo Blowers -- 5.3.5 Control and Protection Considerations -- Example Problems -- 6 Piping Systems -- 6.1 Design Considerations -- 6.1.1 Layout -- 6.1.2 Pipe Size -- 6.1.3 Pipe Material -- 6.2 Pressure Drop -- 6.3 Control Valve Selection -- Example Problems -- 7 Instrumentation -- 7.1 Common Characteristics and Electrical Design Considerations -- 7.2 Pressure -- 7.3 Temperature -- 7.4 Flow -- 7.5 Analytic Instruments -- 7.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen -- 7.5.2 Offgas Analysis -- 7.5.3 pH and ORP -- 7.6 Motor Monitoring and Electrical Measurements -- 7.7 Miscellaneous -- Example Problems -- 8 Final Control Elements -- 8.1 Valve Operators -- 8.2 Guide Vanes -- 8.3 Motor Basics -- 8.4 Motor Control -- 8.5 Variable Frequency Drives -- Example Problems -- 9 Control Loops and Algorithms -- 9.1 Control Fundamentals -- 9.1.1 Discrete Controls -- 9.1.2 Analog Control -- 9.1.3 Proportional-Integral-Derivative -- 9.1.4 Deadband Controllers -- 9.1.5 Floating Control -- 9.2 Dissolved Oxygen Control -- 9.3 Aeration Basin Air Flow Control -- 9.4 Pressure Control -- 9.5 Most-Open-Valve Control -- 9.6 Blower Control and Coordination -- 9.7 Control Loop Timing Considerations -- 9.8 Miscellaneous Controls -- Example Problems -- 10 Control Components -- 10.1 Programmable Logic Controllers -- 10.1.1 System Architecture -- 10.1.2 Program Structure -- 10.1.3 Communications Networks -- 10.1.4 Accommodating Instrument Inaccuracy and Failure -- 10.2 Distributed Control Systems -- 10.3 Human Machine Interfaces -- 10.3.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition -- 10.3.2 Touchscreens -- 10.4 Control Panel Design Considerations -- Example Problems -- 11 Documentation.

11.1 Specification Considerations -- 11.2 Data Lists -- 11.3 Process and Instrumentation Diagrams -- 11.4 Ladder and Loop Diagrams -- 11.5 One-Line Diagrams -- 11.6 Installation Drawings -- 11.7 Loop Descriptions -- 11.8 Operation and Maintenance Manuals -- Example Problems -- 12 Commissioning -- 12.1 Inspection -- 12.2 Testing -- 12.3 Tuning -- 12.4 Training -- 12.5 Measurement and Verification of Results -- Example Problems -- 13 Summary -- 13.1 Review of Integrated Design Procedure -- 13.2 Potential Problem Areas -- 13.3 Benefits -- Example Problems -- Appendix A: Example Problem Solutions -- Appendix B: List of Equations and Variables -- Bibliography -- Index.