Horticultural Reviews -- Contents -- Contributors -- Dedication: Philipp W. Simon -- 1. Circadian Regulation of Horticultural Traits: Integration of Environmental Signals -- I. Introduction -- II. General Structure of the Plant Circadian Clock -- A. Arabidopsis -- B. Clock Genes in Crops -- III. Environmental Inputs -- A. Light -- B. Temperature -- IV. Control of Plant Growth and Morphogenesis -- A. Plant Hormones and Circadian Clock -- B. Seed Development and Germination -- C. Flowering Time -- D. Winter Dormancy -- E. Tuberization -- F. Productivity -- G. Primary Metabolism -- H. Starch Metabolism -- I. Photosynthesis -- J. Scent Production -- V. Adaptation to Biotic and Abiotic Stress -- A. Pathogen Resistance -- B. Cold Sensing and Cold Tolerance -- VI. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 2. Response of Perennial Horticultural Crops to Climate Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Response of Perennial Horticultural Crops with Abiotic Factors Associated with Climate Change -- A. Elevated CO2 -- B. Ozone -- C. Solar Radiation -- III. Case Studies -- A. Apples -- 1. Europe, South Africa, and Japan -- 2. United States -- B. Grapes -- 1. Europe and Australia -- 2. United States -- C. Banana/Plantain -- 1. Production -- 2. Disease -- 3. Nematodes -- D. Citrus -- 1. Tropical Regions -- 2. United States -- E. Cacao -- F. Coffee -- 1. Production -- 2. Quality -- 3. Insects -- IV. Adapation -- A. General Concepts of Climate Change Adaptation -- B. System-Level Adaptation Strategies in Perennial Cropping Systems -- 1. Genotypic Adaptation -- 2. Other Adaptation Strategies -- 3. Constraints and Trade-offs Related to Adaptation in Perennial Systems -- 4. Crop-Specific Adaptation Options -- V. Future Research Needs -- A. Cultivar Development -- B. Yield and Quality Responses to Climatic Changes.

C. Ecological Interactions in Cropping Systems -- D. Disease and Insect Response to Climate Change -- E. Reducing Production Costs -- F. Chilling Requirements and Frost Damage in Temperate Crops -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 3. Nonchilling Physiological Rind Disorders in Citrus Fruit -- I. Introduction -- II. Citrus Rind Disorders -- A. Terminology -- B. Symptomology -- III. Rind Anatomy and Histological Characteristics -- IV. Causes of Physiological Rind Disorders of Citrus Fruit -- A. Preharvest Factors -- 1. Scion Cultivar and Rootstock -- 2. Canopy Position -- 3. Fruit Maturity -- 4. Fruit Mineral Nutrition -- 5. Rainfall and FruitWater Potential -- B. Postharvest Factors -- 1. Water Loss -- 2. PostharvestWax Application -- 3. Ethylene -- V. Molecular and Physiological Basis of Physiological Rind Disorders -- VI. Techniques for Inducing Rind Disorders -- VII. Prospects for Future Research -- VIII. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 4. Fruit Splitting in Citrus -- I. Introduction -- A. Problem and Overview -- B. Cultivars Particularly Susceptible to Split -- C. Fruit Splitting in Other Horticultural Crops -- II. Physiology of Citrus Fruit Splitting -- A. Relationship Between Fruit Growth, Resulting Shape, and Splitting -- B. Splitting as Related to Rind Characteristics -- III. Causes of Citrus Fruit Splitting -- A. Cultural -- 1. Mineral Nutrition -- 2. Hormonal Imbalances -- 3. Rainfall and Irrigation -- 4. Crop Load -- 5. Canopy Position Microclimate -- B. Environmental -- 1. Temperature -- 2. Humidity -- IV. Reducing Citrus Fruit Splitting -- A. Foliar Mineral Nutrient Applications -- 1. Potassium -- 2. Calcium -- B. Foliar-Applied Plant Growth Regulator (PGR) Applications -- 1. Gibberellic Acid (GA3) -- 2. Synthetic Auxin: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D).

3. Combination of PGRs and Mineral Nutrients as Foliar Treatments -- C. Managing PlantWater Relations -- D. Thinning -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 5. Postharvest Biology and Technology of Ber Fruit -- I. Introduction -- II. Fruit Composition and Nutritional Variability -- III. Physiological and Biochemical Changes During Maturation and Ripening -- A. Maturity Indices -- B. Physiological Changes -- 1. Respiration -- 2. Ethylene Production -- 3. Total Soluble Solids -- 4. Acids -- 5. Ascorbic Acid -- 6. Sugar -- 7. Phenols -- 8. Volatiles -- 9. Proteins -- 10. Enzymes -- 11. Cell Ultrastructure -- IV. Preharvest Treatments to Extend Shelf Life -- A. Calcium Compounds -- B. Growth Regulators -- C. Fungicides -- V. Postharvest Handling and Technology -- A. Fruit Ripening -- B. Grading -- C. Cold and HotWater Treatments -- D. Fungicides -- E. KMnO4 -- F. Ozone -- G. Growth Regulators -- H. 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) -- I. Coating -- J. Irradiation -- K. Packaging -- L. Ambient Storage -- M. Storage in Zero Energy Cool Chamber -- N. Low-Temperature Storage -- VI. Postharvest Diseases and Disorders -- A. Disease -- B. Disorders -- 1. Fruit Cracking -- 2. Chilling Injury -- VII. Summary and Future Prospects -- Literature Cited -- 6. Peach Texture -- I. Introduction -- II. Fruit Texture -- A. Defining Fruit Texture -- B. Fruit Texture on a Cellular Level -- 1. CellWalls -- 2. Membranes -- C. Evaluating Fruit Texture -- III. Peach Texture -- A. Introduction to Peach Texture -- B. Measuring Peach Texture -- 1. Destructive Testing -- 2. Nondestructive Testing -- C. Peach Ripening and Its Relationship to Texture -- IV. Peach Flesh Types -- A. Introduction -- B. Melting Flesh -- C. Stony Hard -- D. Nonmelting Flesh -- E. Nonsoftening Flesh -- F. Slow Ripening -- G. Pit Adherence.

V. Ripening and the Enzymatic Effects on Peach Texture -- A. Pectin and Flesh Softening -- B. Ripening-Related Enzymes -- 1. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Synthase and Oxidase -- 2. Pectin Methylesterase -- 3. Polygalacturonase -- 4. β-(1,4)-Glucanase -- 5. Additional Enzymes and Related Proteins -- C. EndoPG and the Differentiation of Flesh Types -- VI. Production and Handling Effects on Peach Texture -- A. Irrigation and Pruning -- B. Nutrient Management -- C. Bruising -- D. Cold Storage and Its Effects on Peach Texture -- 1. Mealiness -- 2. Methods for Limiting Mealiness -- VII. Summary -- Literature Cited -- 7. High-Density Olive Plantations -- I. Introduction: Olive Growing in a Time of Change -- II. Typologies of Olive Plantations -- A. Discontinuous Canopy -- 1. Traditional Olive Grove (G) -- 2. Traditional Associated Orchards (TA) -- 3. Traditional Specialized Orchards (T) -- 4. Intensive Orchards (I) -- B. Continuous Canopy (Hedgerow) -- 1. IrrigatedWide-Hedgerow Orchards (IWH) -- 2. Narrow Hedgerow Orchards (NH) -- III. Effects of Density on Plant Performance -- A. Size and Growth Habit of the Tree -- B. Fruit Crop -- C. Oil Rate -- D. Oil Composition -- E. Fruit Size and Quality -- IV. Critical Factors for High-Density Orchards -- A. Cultivars -- 1. Cultivars Used -- 2. Breeding -- B. Irrigation -- C. Training and Pruning Systems -- 1. Training -- 2. Canopy Shape -- D. Intercepting Radiation: From Separated Trees to Continuous Canopy -- 1. Orchards of Spaced Trees -- 2. Hedgerow Orchards -- 3. Hedgerow Management -- E. Plant Protection -- 1. The Case of VerticilliumWilt of Olive (VWO) -- 2. Other Diseases -- 3. Pest Incidence -- F. Mechanical Harvesting -- 1. Fruit Removal from the Tree -- 2. Collection, Cleaning, and Transport of Fallen Fruits -- 3. Continuous Harvesters.

V. Orchard Establishment Costs, Management Costs, and Economical Indices -- A. Establishment Costs -- B. Annual Costs -- C. Economical Indices -- VI. The Future -- A. Impact of the New Planting Systems -- B. The Need for Research and Development -- 1. Cultivar Field Trials -- 2. Breeding -- 3. Pests and Diseases -- 4. Canopy Management -- C. Conservation of Cultivars and Rootstocks -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 8. The Carob Tree: Botany, Horticulture, and Genetic Resources -- I. Introduction -- A. Origin, Domestication, and Distribution -- B. World Production and Market -- 1. Production -- 2. Market -- II. Botany -- A. Taxonomy and Nomenclature -- B. Morphology -- 1. Tree -- 2. Fruit and Seed -- C. Reproductive Biology -- D. Fruit Growth and Development -- E. Ecology -- 1. Growing Periods -- 2. Climate -- 3. Soil -- III. Horticulture -- A. Propagation and Planting -- B. Orchard Design -- 1. Layout -- 2. Pollinators -- C. Training and Pruning -- D. Soil Management -- E. Nutrition and Fertilization -- F. Irrigation -- G. Pests and Diseases -- H. Harvesting -- I. Postharvest Processing -- J. Yield -- IV. Variability and Genetic Resources -- A. Cultivars -- 1. Sex -- 2. Resistance to Environmental Stress -- 3. Production (Precocity, Yield, and Alternate Bearing) -- 4. Fruit Quality (Pulp and Seed) -- 5. Harvesting Ease -- B. Descriptors -- C. Conservation -- D. Selection and Breeding -- V. Properties and Uses -- A. Pulp Composition and Properties -- B. Seed Composition -- C. Environmental Benefits -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Literature Cited -- 9. Snake Gourd and Pointed Gourd: Botany and Horticulture -- I. Introduction -- II. The Genus Trichosantes -- A. Origin and Distribution -- B. Taxonomy -- C. Cytogenetics -- D. Medicinal Use -- III. Snake Gourd -- A. Quality Attributes and Human Nutrition -- B. Reproductive Biology.

C. Ecology.