Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- One: Ultrasound Vascular Imaging (UVI) -- 1: Basic Principles of Ultrasound Sonography -- Introduction -- Sound -- Medium -- Interface of reflection -- Doppler ultrasound -- Instrumentation -- Doppler display -- Doppler spectral display -- Color Doppler imaging -- Color Doppler energy (power mode) -- Causes of artifacts -- Frequency -- Spectral broadening -- Scattering and acoustic shadowing -- Mirror artifact -- Aliasing -- Doppler angle -- Gain -- Wall filters -- Hemodynamics -- Types of flow -- Laminar flow -- Plug flow -- Disturbed blood flow -- Turbulent flow -- Flow resistance -- High-resistance blood vessels -- Low-resistance blood vessels -- Flow parameters -- Further reading -- 2: Clinical Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging -- Introduction -- Imaging protocols -- Clinical applications -- Extracranial vascular applications -- Intracranial vascular applications -- Further reading -- 3: Novel Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging -- Overview -- Cervical vascular ultrasound -- Atherosclerotic and degenerative artery disease -- Transcranial ultrasound -- Effects of cervical artery steno-occlusive disease in intracranial arteries -- Intracranial vasculopathies -- Microembolic signals -- Cerebral hemodynamic monitoring -- Intracranial hypertension and cerebral circulatory arrest -- Cerebral vasoreactivity studies -- Venous disease -- Real-time 3D ultrasound -- Microbubbles and ultrasound contrast agents -- Enhanced macrocirculation examination -- Ultrasonographic brain perfusion imaging -- Molecular imaging with targeted contrast ultrasound -- Conclusion and summary -- Further reading -- Two: Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) -- 4: Basic Principles of Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) -- Introduction.

Fundamentals of the CTA imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Pitfalls -- Imaging protocols -- Clinical applications -- Research applications -- Summary -- 5: Intracranial Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) -- Introduction -- CT angiography -- Imaging protocols -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Clinical indications for CTA -- Intracranial aneurysms -- Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis and non-atherosclerotic vasculopathy -- Acute stroke -- Brain death -- Maxillofacial vascular pathology -- Traumatic vascular injuries -- CT venography -- Imaging protocols -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Clinical indications for CTV -- Anatomic variants -- Cerebral venous thrombosis -- Current research on CTA and CTV -- 4D CT angiography -- Dual-energy CT angiography -- Further reading -- References -- 6: Extracranial Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) -- Introduction -- Imaging principles -- Introduction -- CT angiography technique -- Visualization technique -- Clinical applications -- Atherosclerotic disease -- Dissection -- Fibromuscular dysplasia -- Blunt cerebrovascular injuries -- Posttreatment CTA for the cervical arteries -- Further reading -- References -- Three: Magnetic Resonance Vascular Imaging (MRV) -- 7: Basic Principles of Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF MRA) and MRV -- Introduction -- Physical and technical principles -- The inflow enhancement effect -- TOF sequence -- Sequence optimization -- Practical considerations -- Sequence parameters -- Slice orientation -- Venetian blind artifact -- Pulsatile flow and vessel motion -- Retrograde, complex, and turbulent flows -- Applications and future trends -- 2D TOF -- 3D TOF -- Hybrid of opposite-contrast (HOP) MRA -- Simultaneous TOF and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) -- Quiescent interval single-shot (QISS) technique -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Further reading.

References -- 8: Basic Principles of Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography (PC MRA) and MRV -- Introduction -- Physical and technical principles -- Phase shift of flowing spins -- PC sequence -- Cine imaging and flow quantification -- Practical considerations -- VENC -- Aliasing -- Signal-to-noise ratio -- Laminar and turbulent flow -- Partial-volume effect -- Phase shift errors -- Flow visualization -- Flow quantification -- Applications and future trends -- Flow visualization -- Flow quantification -- Brain motion -- Four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI -- Flow-sensitive dephasing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Further reading -- References -- 9: Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF MRA) and MRV: Clinical Applications -- Introduction -- Why perform TOF MRA? -- Intracranial vascular applications -- Anatomic variants -- Aneurysms -- Vascular stenosis and occlusion -- Arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulae -- Vasculitis -- Moyamoya disease and moyamoya-like vasculopathy -- Venous disease -- Extracranial vascular applications -- Anatomy and anatomic variants -- Atherosclerotic disease -- Vascular trauma -- Head and neck paragangliomas -- Current research on TOF MRA -- Further reading -- References -- 10: Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography (PC MRA) and Flow Analysis: Clinical Applications -- Introduction -- Phase contrast MR: Clinical applications and morphological and hemodynamic evaluations -- PC MRA morphological evaluation -- Stroke and arterial stenosis -- Intracranial aneurysms -- Arteriovenous lesions -- Venous disorders -- PC MRI hemodynamic evaluation -- Cerebral blood flow -- Stroke and arterial stenosis -- Intracranial aneurysm flow patterns -- Arteriovenous lesions -- Venous disorders and physiology -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments.

11: Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): Fundamentals and Clinical Applications -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Patient preparation and image acquisition -- Contrast-enhanced MRA -- K-space sampling -- Time-resolved CE MRA -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Introduction -- Extracranial circulation -- Intracranial circulation -- Summary -- 12: Intracranial Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), 1.5 T versus 3 T: Advantages and Disadvantages -- Imaging principles -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Imaging protocols -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Introduction -- Brief overview of clinical entities included -- Why perform this imaging technique in the above situations? -- Clinical relevance and summary -- References -- 13: Time-Resolved Techniques, Basic Principles, and Clinical Applications -- Imaging principles -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Imaging protocols -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Introduction -- Brief overview of clinical entities -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Further reading -- Four: Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) -- 14: Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): Basic Principles -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Imaging protocols -- General guidelines -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Research applications -- Clinical relevance and summary -- Further reading -- 15: Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) in Clinical Practice -- Introduction -- Ischemic stroke -- Carotid artery evaluation -- Intracranial aneurysms -- Vascular malformations -- Arteriovenous malformations -- Arteriovenous fistulas -- Vasculopathies -- Conclusion -- References.

16: Advanced and Future Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Applications -- Introduction -- Technological advances -- Flat-panel detectors -- Cone beam C-arm imaging -- Clinical application advances -- 2D and 3D DSA imaging -- C-arm flat-panel detector computed tomography (C-arm CT), angiography (C-arm CTA), and perfusion (C-arm CTP) -- Dose reduction techniques -- Other advances: hybrid systems, magnetic-field systems, and image-guided therapy -- Future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Five: Brain Perfusion Techniques: Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 17: Computed Tomography (CT) Perfusion: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications -- Introduction -- Basic principles -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Imaging protocol -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Acute stroke -- Chronic infarct -- Chronic ischemia -- Subarachnoid hemorrhage and vasospasm -- Small-vessel diseases -- Normal pressure hydrocephalus -- Tumors -- Trauma -- Seizure -- Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Further reading -- References -- 18: Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced MRI Perfusion: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications -- Basic principles -- Imaging principles -- Clinical applications -- Introduction -- Why perform DCS MRI perfusion? -- Current research -- Further reading -- References -- 19: Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) Perfusion: Basic Concepts, Artifacts, and Clinical Applications -- Imaging principles -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of the imaging technique -- Artifacts and pitfalls -- Summary -- Clinical applications -- Introduction -- ASL perfusion in cerebrovascular disease -- ASL in other entities -- Clinical relevance and summary -- Six: Plaque Imaging -- 20: Imaging of Carotid Plaque -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis and molecular pathology.

Stable "healed" plaque.