Front Cover -- Cleaning with Solvents: Science and Technology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- What You Can Dowith This Book -- A Note onOrganization -- Units Used in This Book -- External References Citedin This Book -- Chapter 1 - Relationship of Solvent Properties to Structure -- 1.1 BACKGROUND -- 1.2 THE ELEMENTS OF CLEANINGSOLVENTS -- 1.3 THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKINGPERIODIC TABLE -- 1.4 A SOLVENT CAN BE ELEMENTSARRANGED IN A STRUCTURE -- 1.5 A SOLVENT CAN ALSO BEA STRUCTURE POPULATED WITHADDITIONAL ELEMENTS -- 1.6 THE FUTURE OF SOLVENTDESIGN -- 1.7 SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS OFCOMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE TOSOLVENT PROPERTIES -- 1.8 SOLVENT DESIGN ISMULTIDIMENSIONAL -- 1.9 SOLVENT DESIGN GOALS -- 1.10 DESIGN OF NON-TRADITIONALSOLVENTS -- 1.11 SOLVENT SELECTION -- Endnotes -- Chapter 2 - Solubility Scales (Parameters) -- 2.1 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE INFORMATION -- 2.2 MOLECULAR SOUP -- 2.3 MAY THE FORCE(S)BB.A FULL AND COMPLETE DISCUSSION OF ALL IDENTIFIED INTERMOLECULAR (AS WELL AS INTERATOMIC) FORCES IS BEYON ... -- 2.4 SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS -- 2.5 KAURI BUTANOL (KB) VALUE -- 2.6 OTHER MEASURES OF SOLVENCY -- 2.7 HILDEBRAND SOLUBILITY PARAMETER -- 2.8 HANSEN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS -- 2.9 NUMERICAL VALUES OF HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS -- 2.10 THE BASIC APPROACH - COMPARISON TO OTHER MATERIALS -- Chapter 3 - Solvent Selection for Specific Tasks -- 3.1 BACKGROUND -- 3.2 THE NATURE OF SOILS -- 3.3 THE BASIC APPROACH TO SOLVENT SELECTION -- 3.4 THIS AUTHOR'S APPROACH -- 3.5 AUTOPSY OF SOME SOILS -- 3.6 FOOD-DERIVED RESIDUE -- 3.7 LUBRICANTS -- 3.8 GREASES -- 3.9 COOLANTS OR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS -- 3.10 POLYMER-DERIVED RESIDUES -- 3.11 BIOLOGICAL RESIDUE(S) -- 3.12 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT SOILS -- 3.13 USE OF HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS IN SOLVENT SELECTION.

3.14 ANALYSIS FOR SPECIFIC SOIL COMPONENTS -- 3.15 GENERAL RESULTS FROM THE USE OF HSP -- 3.16 APPROACH USING MIXTURES OF IDENTIFIED SOIL COMPONENTS -- 3.17 SOLVENT SELECTION TO CLEAN COLLECTIONS OF SOILS -- 3.18 FOOD-DERIVED RESIDUE AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.19 SOIL COMPOSITION REALLY DOESN'T MATTER -- 3.20 LUBRICANTS AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.21 GREASE AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.22 COOLANTS OR HYDRAULIC FLUIDS AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.23 POLYMER-DERIVED RESIDUES AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.24 MEDICAL RESIDUES AS A SOIL COLLECTION -- 3.25 A SUMMARY OF LESSONS CONCERNING CLEANING SOIL COMPOSITES -- 3.26 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HSP VALUES OF INDUSTRIAL SOIL COMPOSITES -- 3.27 WORKING WITHOUT NUMBERS-USE OF THE HSP WITHOUT SOIL IDENTIFICATION -- 3.28 LIMITATIONS OF HSP SEPARATION (RA) FOR GOOD SOLVENT CLEANING PERFORMANCE -- 3.29 ABOUT CLEANING OF ALL SOILS -- 3.30 THE EFFECT OF NORMAL100 BOILING TEMPERATURE -- 3.31 VAPOR DEGREASING VS. COLD CLEANING -- 3.32 HSP FOR VAPOR DEGREASING VS. COLD CLEANING -- Chapter 4 - SHE Management (Solvent Substitution) -- 4.1 BACKGROUND -- 4.2 WHY SUBSTITUTE SOLVENTS? -- It's About Time(ing) -- Technology-Forcing Regulations -- 4.3 REACH FOR THE STARS -- 4.4 BECOMING GLOBALLY HARMONIZED -- Becoming Globally Harmonized in the US -- About Exposure Limits -- 4.5 GAME PLAYING -- Why Solvent Substitution is a "Game" -- Rules of the Solvent Substitution Game -- Strategy for Winning the Solvent Substitution "Game" -- Tactics for Winning the Solvent Substitution "Game" -- Dangers in Solvent Substitution -- Winning the Solvent Substitution "Game" -- 4.6 THE KEY ELEMENT IN SUCCESSFUL SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION -- 4.7 WHAT'S IMPORTANT IN SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION? -- 4.8 EXAMPLES OF PRACTICAL SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION -- 4.9 SUBSTITUTE SOLVENTS FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE -- Substitute Solvents for Benzene -- Substitute Solvents for Methylene Chloride.

Substitute Solvents for Perchloroethylene -- 4.10 ENCLOSED CLEANING MACHINES -- Solvent Substitution for Enclosed Cleaning Machines -- Shifting Pressure -- Substitute Solvent Choices for Vacuum Operation (Class IIIA) -- Effect on Equipment Design -- The Consequence of Enclosed Machines-Containment Practices -- 4.11 SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION AND USE IN NON-US COUNTRIES -- Solvent Substitution in the UK -- 4.12 SUMMARY: SOLVENT SUBSTITUTION -- 4.13 THE RIGHT TO KNOW -- 4.14 HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAPS) -- Risk Management -- 4.15 THE SUPERFUND -- 4.16 EXPOSURE LIMITS -- 4.17 FUTURE IMPACT OF SHE REGULATION -- Chapter 5 - Toxicology of Cleaning Solvents -- 5.1 BACKGROUND -- 5.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION -- A Broad and Deep Mine of Hazard Information -- Primary Sources of Information about Toxicology -- Secondary Sources of Information about Toxicology -- Secondary Information Derived from Management of Transportation -- Information Disseminated by Agencies with an Agenda -- 5.3 A PRIME SUBSTITUTE FOR AN MSDS -- 5.4 SPECIFIC HAZARD INFORMATION -- 5.5 ANALYSIS OF HAZARD RATINGS -- Too Many Exposure Limits: Confusion Abounds -- Notable Solvents -- 5.6 ODOR AS A PROTECTIVE WAY TO AVOID TOXICOLOGICAL HAZARDS -- Chapter 6 - The VOC Exemption Game -- 6.1 BACKGROUND -- 6.2 THE OBJECT OF THE GAME -- 6.3 US VOC DEFINITION -- It's Not About "Volatile" -- Recognition of VOCs by the Reactivity Definition -- 6.4 HISTORY OF VOC REGULATION IN THE US -- VOC Regulation of Formulated Products without Atmospheric Science -- VOC Definition vs. VOC Measurement? -- The Need for Certainty in VOC Regulation -- VOC Regulation with Some Atmospheric Science -- Unspoken VOC Regulation (or The Pocket Veto) -- Personal Opinions -- 6.5 ESTIMATION(S) OF ATMOSPHERIC REACTIVITY -- Discrete Atmospheric Modeling (Master Chemical Mechanism) -- The Vision behind the MCM.

A Metric for Regulation of VOCs (kOH) -- Homogeneous Atmospheric Modeling (SAPRCP-07) -- The Vision behind SAPRC -- The Mechanism -- The Proving Step-Airshed Modeling -- Use of Airshed Models -- Two Metrics for VOC Regulation (kOH and MIR) -- Relationship Between kOH and MIR -- Use of Atmospheric Reactivity Measurements to Exempt Solvents -- The Current Metric(s) and Their Use -- 6.6 THE MEANING OF ATMOSPHERIC REACTIVITY -- 6.7 NUMERICAL VALUES OF MIR FOR CLEANING SOLVENTS -- 6.8 MIR VALUES WITHIN SOLVENT TYPES -- Generation of Ozone by Paraffinic Hydrocarbons -- Generation of Ozone by Isoparaffinic Hydrocarbons -- Generation of Ozone by Cyclic Paraffins -- The "Sour5050Some refer to a successful compromise where both sides benefit as having "hit the sweet spot." An example woul ... -- Generation of Ozone by Esters -- Generation of Ozone by Esters of Dibasic Esters -- Generation of Ozone by Alcohols -- Generation of Ozone by Organic Acid Solvents -- Generation of Ozone by Ethers -- Generation of Ozone by Glycol Ether Solvents -- Generation of Ozone by Ketone Solvents -- 6.10 COMPARISON OF OZONE GENERATION BY SOLVENT TYPE -- 6.11 SELECTION OF LOW VOC SOLVENTS BY STRUCTURE AND TYPE -- 6.12 GAME WINNERS! VOC EXEMPT SOLVENTS -- 6.13 THE USABLE WINNERS -- 6.14 THOSE WHO WISH TO PLAY: APPLICANTS FOR VOC EXEMPTION -- 6.15 OTHER COUNTRIES-GAMES WITH DIFFERENT RULES -- Cleaning With "Oil" in Europe6464A good reference is the European Commission National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) an ... -- Cleaning in Europe with Halogenated Solvents (VOCs) -- Cleaning in Europe with Combustible Solvents (VOCs) -- Classifications of Flammability -- Drying of European VOC Exempt and German AIII (A3) Solvents -- European VOC Exempt and Non-Exempt Solvents: Summary -- 6.16 VOLATILITY AND REACTIVITY DON'T INTERSECT -- Use of "Expected Ozone Make" as an Exemption Metric.

6.17 AN IMMODEST PROPOSAL -- Chapter 7 - Economics of Solvent Use -- 7.1 BACKGROUND -- 7.2 TRANSITION FROM THEN TO NOW -- The Product of Fear -- The Necessary Reaction -- The First Counter-Reaction -- The Second Counter-Reaction -- The Third Counter-Reaction -- The Fourth Counter-Reaction -- The Outcome -- 7.3 SOLVENT PRICE VS. SOLVENT "POWER" -- 7.4 PRICES OF FAMILIES OF SIMILAR SOLVENTS -- Price Difference between Aromatics and Aromatic-Free Hydrocarbon Solvents -- Price Difference between Chlorinated Solvents -- Price Difference between Some Oxygenated Solvents -- Price Difference between Ethylene and Propylene Glycol Ethers -- Price Differences between "Designer" Solvents -- Lessons about Solvent Pricing -- 7.5 SOLVENT PRICES -- The Value of Pricing -- 7.6 MANAGEMENT OF CLEANING SOLVENTS -- Cost Elements of Chemical Management -- The Major Economic Element in Solvent Management -- 7.7 THE US RESOURCE RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION ACT (RCRA) -- Classification of Wastes -- Listed Solid Wastes -- Characteristic Solid Wastes -- 7.8 THE PROPERTY OF OVERKILL -- 7.9 SIZE DOES MATTER -- 7.10 GETTING THERE IS NOT HALF THE FUN -- 7.11 UNNATURAL SELECTION -- 7.12 TREATMENT/DISPOSAL OF CLEANING WASTES -- Components of a Cleaning Waste -- Off-Site Fate of Components of Solid Wastes -- 7.13 ABOUT "MY" SOLVENT -- 7.14 THE THIRD REQUIREMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATORS (ON-SITE TREATMENT) -- The Multitasker of On-Site Waste Treatment -- On-Site Waste Treatment -- Operation of On-Site Waste Treatment Systems -- 7.15 ECONOMICS OF ON-SITE WASTE TREATMENT -- Cost of Collection/Disposal -- 7.16 CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES -- CMS: Background -- The Basis of a CMS Relationship -- Contributions of a CMS Firm -- CMS Firms with Modest-Sized Finishing Shops -- 7.17 CHEMICAL LEASING -- 7.18 A CASE OF NEED -- Chapter 8 - Solvent Azeotropes -- 8.1 BACKGROUND.

8.2 ABOUT SHE-DRIVEN CHANGE.