Biorenewable Resources -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Transitions -- 1.2 Definitions -- 1.3 Brief History of Biorenewable Resource Utilization -- 1.4 Motivation for Returning to a Bioeconomy -- 1.4.1 Environmental Quality -- 1.4.2 National Security -- 1.4.3 Excess Agricultural Production -- 1.4.4 Rural Development -- 1.5 Challenges in Using Biorenewable Resources -- 1.6 Foundations for a Bioeconomy -- Further Reading -- 2 Fundamental Concepts in Engineering Thermodynamics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Concepts in Mass and Molar Balances -- 2.2.1 Mass and Molar Balances Applied to Combustion and Gasification -- 2.2.2 Mass and Molar Balances Applied to Reaction Conversion, Yield, and Selectivity -- 2.3 General Concepts in Energy Balances -- 2.3.1 Thermodynamic Efficiency -- 2.3.2 Energy Return on Energy Invested -- 2.3.3 Exothermic vs Endothermic Reactions in the Manufacture of Energy Products -- 2.4 Chemical Equilibrium -- Further Reading -- 3 Organic Chemistry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classification of Reactions -- 3.3 Structural Formulas and Chemical Nomenclature -- 3.4 Classification of Organic Compounds -- 3.4.1 Alkanes -- 3.4.2 Alkenes and Alkynes -- 3.4.3 Aromatic Compounds -- 3.4.4 Alcohols and Phenols -- 3.4.5 Ethers -- 3.4.6 Aldehydes and Ketones (Carbonyl Compounds) -- 3.4.7 Carboxylic Acids -- 3.4.8 Esters -- 3.4.9 Other Functional Groups -- 3.5 Chemistry of Lignocellulosic Plant Materials -- 3.5.1 Carbohydrates -- 3.5.2 Lignocellulose -- Further Reading -- 4 The Biorenewable Resource Base -- 4.1 Defining the Resource -- 4.2 Waste Materials -- 4.3 Dedicated Energy Crops -- 4.3.1 Herbaceous Energy Crops -- 4.3.2 Short Rotation Woody Crops -- 4.3.3 Oleaginous (Lipid-Rich) Crops -- 4.4 Properties of Biomass -- 4.5 Yields of Biomass -- 4.6 Size of Resource Base -- Further Reading.

5 Production of Biorenewable Resources -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Herbaceous Crops -- 5.2.1 Site Preparation -- 5.2.2 Seeding and Planting -- 5.2.3 Fertilizer Application -- 5.2.4 Pest Control -- 5.2.5 Harvesting -- 5.3 Woody Crops -- 5.3.1 Site Preparation -- 5.3.2 Seeding and Planting -- 5.3.3 Fertilizer Application -- 5.3.4 Pest Control -- 5.3.5 Harvesting -- 5.4 Production of Oleaginous Species -- 5.4.1 Microalgae Cultivation -- 5.4.2 Microalgae Harvesting and Water Removal -- 5.5 Storage of Herbaceous and Woody Biomass -- 5.5.1 Drying -- 5.5.2 Cool Storage -- 5.5.3 Ensiling -- 5.6 Transgenic Crops -- 5.6.1 Genetic Manipulation -- 5.6.2 Biobased Products from Transgenic Crops -- Further Reading -- 6 Products from Biorenewable Resources -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Process Heat -- 6.2.1 Direct-Fired Furnaces -- 6.2.2 Indirect-Fired Furnaces -- 6.3 Biopower -- 6.3.1 Stirling Cycle -- 6.3.2 Otto and Diesel Cycles -- 6.3.3 Rankine Cycle -- 6.3.4 Brayton Cycle -- 6.3.5 Combined Cycles -- 6.3.6 Fuels Cells -- 6.4 Biofuels -- 6.4.1 Methanol -- 6.4.2 Ethanol -- 6.4.3 Butanol -- 6.4.4 Biodiesel -- 6.5 Chemicals -- 6.5.1 Chemicals Produced from Fossil Resources -- 6.5.2 Chemicals Produced from Biorenewable Resources -- 6.5.3 Chemicals with Potential for Production from Biorenewable Resources -- 6.5.4 Synthetic Biopolymers -- 6.6 Natural Fibers -- Further Reading -- 7 Biochemical Processing of Carbohydrate-Rich Biomass -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fermentation of Sugars and Starches -- 7.2.1 Sugar Crops -- 7.2.2 Starch and Inulin Crops -- 7.2.3 Dry Milling of Corn -- 7.2.4 Wet Milling of Corn -- 7.2.5 Fermentations to Products Other Than Ethanol -- 7.3 Conversion of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks to Sugar -- 7.3.1 Pretreatment -- 7.3.2 Hydrolysis -- 7.3.3 Fermentation -- 7.4 Distillation -- Further Reading -- 8 Thermochemical Processing ofLignocellulosic Biomass.

8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Direct Combustion -- 8.2.1 Fundamentals of Combustion -- 8.2.2 Combustion Equipment -- 8.3 Gasification -- 8.3.1 Fundamentals of Gasification -- 8.3.2 Gasification Systems -- 8.3.3 Gas Conditioning -- 8.3.4 Chemical Synthesis from Syngas -- 8.4 Fast Pyrolysis -- 8.4.1 Fundamentals of Pyrolysis -- 8.4.2 Pyrolysis Systems -- 8.5 Solvolysis -- 8.5.1 Direct Liquefaction of Lignocellulose -- 8.5.2 Hydrothermal Processing of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 8.6 Chemical Upgrading to Transportation Fuels -- 8.6.1 Chemical Upgrading from the Perspective of Petroleum Refining -- 8.6.2 Upgrading Deconstructed Lignocellulosic Biomass -- Further Reading -- 9 Processing of Oleaginous Biomass -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Lipids -- 9.2.1 Triglycerides -- 9.2.2 Terpenes -- 9.3 Lipid Extraction -- 9.4 Transesterification of Triglycerides -- 9.5 Catalytic Upgrading of Triglycerides -- 9.6 Other Processing Options for Oleaginous Biomass -- 9.6.1 Pyrolysis of Lipid-Rich Biomass -- 9.6.2 Hydrothermal Processing of Oleaginous Biomass -- 9.6.3 Anaerobic Digestion of Oleaginous Biomass -- Further Reading -- 10 Processing of Biorenewable Resources into Natural Fibers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mechanical Pulping -- 10.3 Chemical Pulping -- 10.3.1 Sulfite Pulping -- 10.3.2 Kraft Pulping -- 10.4 Depithing -- Further Reading -- 11 Environmental Impact of the Bioeconomy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Plant Science -- 11.3 Production -- 11.3.1 Soil Fertility -- 11.3.2 Soil Erosion -- 11.3.3 Water Pollution -- 11.3.4 Air Pollution -- 11.3.5 Biodiversity -- 11.3.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 11.4 Processing -- 11.4.1 Heat and Power -- 11.4.2 Chemicals and Transportation Fuels -- 11.4.3 Fibers -- 11.5 Utilization -- Further Reading -- 12 Economics of Biorenewable Resources -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Estimating the Cost of Feedstock from Biorenewable Resources.

12.2.1 Unit Cost for Production of Annual Crops -- 12.2.2 Unit Cost for Production of Perennial Crops -- 12.3 Estimating Unit Cost for Manufacturing Biobased Products -- 12.3.1 Capital Costs -- 12.3.2 Operating Costs -- 12.4 Estimating the Economic Feasibility of Biorenewable Pathways -- 12.4.1 Minimum Selling Price -- 12.4.2 Internal Rate of Return -- 12.4.3 Net Present Value -- 12.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 12.4.5 Uncertainty Analysis -- 12.4.6 Detailed Example of Estimating Costs for Fast Pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing -- 12.5 Costs of Manufacturing Various Biobased Products -- 12.5.1 Diesel Fuel from Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass [] -- 12.5.2 Gasoline from Gasification of Lignocellulosic Biomass [] -- 12.5.3 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass via Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation [] -- 12.5.4 Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuels from Lipids via Hydroprocessing [] -- Further Reading -- 13 Biorenewable Policy -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Subsidies -- 13.2.1 Income Tax Credits -- 13.2.2 Direct Payments -- 13.2.3 Indirect Payments -- 13.2.4 Mandates -- 13.3 Emission Controls -- 13.3.1 Carbon Prices -- 13.3.2 Carbon Taxes -- Further Reading -- Appendix A Descriptions of Biorenewable Resources -- Sugar Crops: Sugar Beets -- Sugar Crop: Sugarcane -- Sugar Crop: Sweet Sorghum -- Starch Crop: Cassava -- Starch Crop: Maize -- Inulin Crop: Jerusalem Artichoke -- Oleaginous Crop: Aveloz -- Oleaginous Crop: Canola -- Oleaginous Crop: Chinese Tallow Tree -- Oleaginous Crop: Jojoba -- Oleaginous Crop: Rapeseed -- Oleaginous Crop: Soybean -- Oleaginous Crop: Sunflower -- Herbaceous Crop: Big Bluestem -- Herbaceous Crop: Kenaf -- Herbaceous Crop: Miscanthus -- Herbaceous Crop: Switchgrass -- Woody Crop: Black Locust -- Woody Biomass: Eucalyptus -- Woody Crop: Hybrid Poplar -- Woody Crop: Mesquite -- Woody Crop: Willow.

Aquatic Species: Giant Brown Kelp -- Aquatic Species: Common Water Hyacinth -- Aquatic Species: Microalgae -- Appendix B Conversion Factors -- Area -- Volume -- Weight -- Energy -- Power -- Index.