
Risking Your Health : Causes, Consequences, and Interventions to Prevent Risky Behaviors.
Title:
Risking Your Health : Causes, Consequences, and Interventions to Prevent Risky Behaviors.
Author:
de Walque, Damien.
ISBN:
9780821399071
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (207 pages)
Series:
Human Development Perspectives
Contents:
Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1: Overview of the Prevalence and Trends of Risky Behaviors in the Developing World -- Introduction -- Illicit Drug Use -- Smoking -- Alcohol Consumption -- Overweight and Obesity -- Risky Sex -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Determinants of Risky Behavior -- Introduction -- Education -- Wealth and Income -- Prices -- Life Expectancy and Competing Risks -- Information and Beliefs -- Risk Compensation -- Psychological Determinants of Risk-Taking -- Social Determinants of Risk-Taking -- Biological Determinants of Risk-Taking -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3: The Consequences of Risky Behaviors -- Introduction -- Individual Consequences -- Consequences to Immediate Peers -- Societal Consequences -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4: Targeting Risky Behaviors Using Nonprice Interventions-Legislation, Information, and Education -- Introduction -- Interventions Targeted at Producers -- Interventions Targeted at Consumers -- Prohibition -- Conclusions and Lessons -- References -- Chapter 5: Using Economic Mechanisms to Reduce Risky Behaviors: Tax Policies and Other Incentives -- Introduction -- Prices and Taxes -- Other Incentives -- Conclusions and Orientation for Future Research -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 6: Conclusions -- References -- Boxes -- 4.1 Nudges as Ways to Encourage Healthful Behaviors -- 4.2 What Is the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control? -- Figures -- 1.1 The Tobacco Continuum and the Four Stages of the Smoking Epidemic in Males -- 1.2 The Tobacco Continuum and the Four Stages of the Smoking Epidemic in Females -- 1.3 Trends in Overweight Males (BMI > 25) in Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa.
1.4 Trends in Obese Males (BMI > 30) in Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa -- 1.5 Trends in Overweight Females (BMI > 25) in Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa -- 1.6 Trends in Obese Females (BMI > 30) in Brazil, China, Mexico, and South Africa -- 3.1 Calories That Can Be Purchased with the Cost of One Pack of Cigarettes -- 3.2 Fraction of Youth Exposed to Secondhand Smoke in the Home, Selected Countries -- 3.3 Alcohol-Attributable Deaths Due to Violence -- 3.4 Direct Costs of Smoking -- 3.5 Direct and Indirect Costs of Smoking in Bangladesh -- 3.6 Direct and Indirect Costs of Overweight and Obesity in China in 2000 -- 4.1 Range of Interventions Involving Different Degrees of Government Interventions -- Maps -- 1.1 Males Who Smoke Cigarettes, 2010 or latest available data -- 1.2 Females Who Smoke Cigarettes, 2010 or latest available data -- 1.3 Total Adult Per Capita Consumption, in liters of pure alcohol, 2008 or latest available -- 1.4 Alcohol-Attributable Deaths as a Percentage of Total Deaths, 2004 -- 1.5 Patterns of Drinking Score by Country, 2005 -- 1.6 Male Overweight (BMI > 25) Prevalence by Country, 2008 -- 1.7 Female Overweight (BMI > 25) Prevalence by Country, 2008 -- 1.8 Male Obesity (BMI > 30) Prevalence by Country, 2008 -- 1.9 Female Obesity (BMI > 30) Prevalence by Country, 2008 -- 1.10 Adult HIV Prevalence by Country, 2011 -- 1.11 Age-Specific Fertility Rate among Young Women Ages 15-19 -- 3.1 Annual Per-Patient Spending for Diabetes Management -- Tables -- 1.1 Annual Prevalence of Drug Use by World Region -- 1.2 Countries with Highest Percentage of Male Smokers -- 1.3 Countries with Highest Percentage of Female Smokers -- 1.4 Countries with Highest Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol, liters of pure alcohol -- 1.5 Countries with Highest Patterns of Drinking Score (PDS).
1.6 Countries with Highest Percentage of Obese Males, 2008 -- 1.7 Countries with Highest Percentage of Obese Females, 2008 -- 1.8 Countries with Highest HIV Prevalence -- 3.1 Opportunity Costs of Smoking -- 3.2 Diabetes Expenditure in 2012 -- 3.3 Alcohol-Attributable Deaths -- 3.4 Drug Use and Disease Prevalence, Selected Countries -- 3.5 Undiagnosed Diabetes Cases in 2012 -- 3.6 Societal Costs of Alcohol -- 4.1 Selection of Interventions to Combat Risky Behaviors -- 4.2 Interventions for Sex Work Harm Reduction -- 5.1 Comparison between Conditional Cash Transfers and Contingency Management.
Abstract:
Behaviors that pose risks for an individual's health and that also represent important threats for public health, such as drug use, smoking, alcohol, unhealthy eating causing obesity, and unsafe sex, are highly prevalent in low income countries, even though they are traditionally associated with richer countries. Individual choices are an important part of the risky behaviors. Risking Your Health: Causes, Consequences, and Interventions to Prevent Risky Behaviors explore how those choices are formed and what are their consequences. Why do people engage in risky behaviors? Many different explanations have been proposed by psychology, sociology, economics or public health. One trait common to all these behaviors is that there is a disconnect - a function of both delay and uncertainty - between the pleasure or satisfaction provided by them and their consequences. Another characteristic of risky behaviors is that they rarely occur in isolation. Peer-pressure, parental influences, networks and social norms often play an important role in initiating, continuing, or quitting those behaviors. Even if they might often be the first to suffer, the consequences of risky behaviors are also rarely limited to the individuals engaging in them. In certain cases, such as second-hand smoking or HIV transmission, the link is direct. In other cases, the link is less direct but not necessarily less real: the long term health consequences of many of these behaviors are costly to treat and could stretch households' finances and worsen poverty. Finally, these risky behaviors have consequences for society as a whole since they often trigger a non-trivial amount of public health expenditures and lead to declines in aggregate productivity through premature death and morbidity. Changing behaviors is tricky -- public health interventions via legislation with strong
enforcement mechanisms can be more effective than simple communication campaigns informing consumers about the risks associated with certain behaviors, since translating knowledge into concrete changes in behavior seems to be hard to achieve. Economic mechanisms such as taxes (especially on alcohol and tobacco products), subsidies (such as free condoms), and conditional/unconditional cash transfers are also used to reduce risky behaviors (for example in HIV prevention). Of great interest to policy makers, academics and practitioners, this book assesses the efficiency of those interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of behaviors that endanger health.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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