Front Cover -- Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Early Beginnings -- 1.1.2 Sonar -- 1.2 Echo Ranging of the Body -- 1.3 Ultrasound Portrait Photographers -- 1.4 Ultrasound Cinematographers -- 1.5 Modern Ultrasound Imaging Developments -- 1.6 Enabling Technologies for Ultrasound Imaging -- 1.7 Ultrasound Imaging Safety -- 1.8 Ultrasound and Other Diagnostic Imaging Modalities -- 1.8.1 Imaging Modalities Compared -- 1.8.2 Ultrasound -- 1.8.3 Plane X-rays -- 1.8.4 Computed Tomography Imaging -- 1.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications -- 1.8.6 Magnetoencephalography -- 1.8.7 Positron Emission Tomography -- 1.9 Contrast Agents -- 1.9.1 Computed Tomography Agents -- 1.9.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agents -- 1.9.3 Ultrasound Agents -- 1.10 Comparison of Imaging Modalities -- 1.10.1 Image Fusion -- 1.10.2 Multi-wave and Interactive Imaging -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 2 Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fourier Transform -- 2.2.1 Introduction to the Fourier Transform -- 2.2.2 Fourier Transform Relationships -- 2.3 Building Blocks -- 2.3.1 Time and Frequency Building Blocks -- 2.3.2 Space Wave Number Building Block -- Spatial Transforms -- Spatial Transform of a Line Source -- Spatial Frequency Building Blocks -- 2.4 Central Diagram -- References -- 3 Acoustic Wave Propagation -- 3.1 Introduction to Waves -- 3.2 Plane Waves in Liquids and Solids -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Wave Equations for Fluids -- 3.2.3 One-dimensional Wave Hitting a Boundary -- 3.2.4 ABCD Matrices -- 3.2.5 Oblique Waves at a Liquid-Liquid Boundary -- 3.3 Elastic Waves in Solids -- 3.3.1 Types of Waves -- 3.3.2 Equivalent Networks for Waves -- 3.3.3 Waves at a Fluid-Solid Boundary.

3.4 Elastic Wave Equations -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 4 Attenuation -- 4.1 Losses in Tissues -- 4.1.1 Losses in Exponential Terms and in Decibels -- 4.1.2 Tissue Data -- 4.2 Losses in Both Frequency and Time Domains -- 4.2.1 The Material Transfer Function -- 4.2.2 The Material Impulse Response Function -- 4.3 Tissue Models -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 The Time Causal Model -- 4.4 Pulses in Lossy Media -- 4.4.1 Scaling of the Material Impulse Response Function -- 4.4.2 Pulse Propagation: Interactive Effects in Time and Frequency -- 4.4.3 Pulse Echo Propagation -- 4.5 Modified Hooke's Laws and Tissue Models for Viscoelastic Media -- 4.5.1 Voigt Model -- 4.5.2 Time Causal Model -- 4.5.3 Maxwell Model -- 4.5.4 Thermoviscous Relaxation Model -- 4.5.5 Multiple Relaxation Model -- 4.5.6 Zener Model -- 4.5.7 Fractional Zener and Kelvin-Voigt Fractional Derivative Models -- 4.6 Wave Equations for Tissues -- 4.6.1 Voigt Model Wave Equation -- 4.6.2 Time Causal Model Wave Equations -- 4.6.3 Time Causal Model Wave Equations in Fractional Calculus Form -- 4.7 Discussion -- 4.7.1 First Principles -- 4.7.2 Power Law Wave Equation Implementations -- 4.7.3 Transient Solutions for Power Law Media -- 4.7.4 Green Functions for Power Law Media -- 4.7.5 Shear Waves in Power Law Media -- 4.8 Penetration and Time Gain Compensation -- References -- 5 Transducers -- 5.1 Introduction to Transducers -- 5.1.1 Transducer Basics -- 5.1.2 Transducer Electrical Impedance -- 5.1.3 Summary -- 5.2 Resonant Modes of Transducers -- 5.2.1 Resonant Crystal Geometries -- 5.2.2 Determination of Electroacoustic Coupling Constants -- 5.2.3 Array Construction -- 5.3 Equivalent Circuit Transducer Model -- 5.3.1 KLM Equivalent Circuit Model -- 5.3.2 Organization of Overall Transducer Model -- 5.3.3 Transducer at Resonance -- 5.4 Transducer Design Considerations.

5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Insertion Loss and Transducer Loss -- 5.4.3 Electrical Loss -- 5.4.4 Acoustical Loss -- 5.4.5 Matching Layers -- 5.4.6 Design Examples -- 5.5 Transducer Pulses -- 5.5.1 Standard Pulse and Spectral Measurements -- 5.6 Equations for Piezoelectric Media -- 5.7 Piezoelectric Materials -- 5.7.1 Introduction -- 5.7.2 Normal Polycrystalline Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 5.7.3 Relaxor Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 5.7.4 Single-crystal Ferroelectrics -- 5.7.5 Piezoelectric Organic Polymers -- 5.7.6 Domain-engineered Ferroelectric Single Crystals -- 5.7.7 Composite Materials -- 5.7.8 Piezoelectric Gels -- 5.7.9 Lead-free Piezoelectrics -- 5.8 Comparison of Piezoelectric Materials -- 5.9 Transducer Advanced Topics -- 5.9.1 Internal Transducer Losses -- 5.9.2 Trends in Transducer Modeling -- 5.9.3 Matrix or 2D Arrays -- 5.9.4 CMUT Arrays -- 5.9.5 High-Frequency Transducers -- References -- Bibliography -- 6 Beamforming -- 6.1 What is Diffraction? -- 6.2 Fresnel Approximation of Spatial Diffraction Integral -- 6.3 Rectangular Aperture -- 6.4 Apodization -- 6.5 Circular Apertures -- 6.5.1 Near and Far Fields for Circular Apertures -- 6.5.2 Universal Relations for Circular Apertures -- 6.6 Focusing -- 6.6.1 Introduction to Focusing -- 6.6.2 Derivation of Focusing Relations -- 6.6.3 Zones for Focusing Transducers -- 6.6.4 Focusing Gain and Peak Pressure Values -- 6.6.5 Depth of Field -- 6.6.6 Scaling of Beams -- 6.6.7 Focusing Summary -- 6.7 Angular Spectrum of Waves -- 6.8 Diffraction Loss -- 6.9 Limited Diffraction Beams -- 6.10 Holey Focusing Transducers -- References -- Bibliography -- 7 Array Beamforming -- 7.1 Why Arrays? -- 7.2 Diffraction in the Time Domain -- 7.3 Circular Radiators in the Time Domain -- 7.4 Arrays -- 7.4.1 The Array Element -- 7.4.2 Pulsed Excitation of an Element -- 7.4.3 Array Sampling and Grating Lobes.

7.4.4 Element Factors -- 7.4.5 Beam Steering -- 7.4.6 Focusing and Steering -- 7.5 Pulse-Echo Beamforming -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Beam-shaping -- 7.5.3 Pulse-Echo Focusing -- 7.6 Two-dimensional Arrays -- 7.7 Baffled -- 7.8 Computational Diffraction Methods -- 7.9 Nonideal Array Performance -- 7.9.1 Quantization and Defective Elements -- 7.9.2 Sparse and Thinned Arrays -- 7.9.3 1.5-dimensional Arrays -- 7.9.4 Diffraction in Absorbing Media -- 7.9.5 Body Effects -- 7.10 Conformable and Deformable Arrays -- References -- Bibliography -- 8 Wave Scattering and Imaging -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Scattering of Objects -- 8.2.1 Specular Scattering -- 8.2.2 Diffusive Scattering -- 8.2.3 Diffractive Scattering -- Frequency Domain Born Approximation -- 8.2.4 Scattering Summary -- 8.3 Role of Transducer Diffraction and Focusing -- 8.3.1 Time Domain Born Approximation Including Diffraction -- 8.4 Role of Imaging -- 8.4.1 Imaging Process -- 8.4.2 A Different Attitude -- 8.4.3 Speckle -- 8.4.4 Contrast -- 8.4.5 Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem -- 8.4.6 Speckle Reduction -- 8.4.7 Speckle Tracking -- References -- Bibliography -- 9 Scattering From Tissue and Tissue Characterization -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Scattering from Tissues -- 9.3 Properties of and Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue -- 9.3.1 Properties of Heterogeneous Tissue -- 9.3.2 Propagation in Heterogeneous Tissue -- 9.4 Array Processing of Scattered Pulse-Echo Signals -- 9.5 Tissue Characterization Methods -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 Fundamentals -- 9.5.3 Backscattering Definitions -- 9.5.4 The Classic Formulation -- 9.5.5 Extensions of the Original Backscatter Methodology -- 9.5.6 Integrated Backscatter -- 9.5.7 Spectral Features -- 9.5.8 Backscattering Comparisons -- 9.6 Applications of Tissue Characterization -- 9.6.1 Radiology and Ophthalmic Applications -- 9.6.2 Cardiac Applications.

9.6.3 High-Frequency Applications -- 9.6.4 Texture Analysis and Image Analysis -- 9.7 Aberration Correction -- 9.7.1 General Methods -- 9.7.2 Time Reversal -- 9.7.3 Focusing through the Skull -- 9.8 Wave Equations for Tissue -- References -- Bibliography -- 10 Imaging Systems and Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Trends in Imaging Systems -- 10.2.1 General Commercial Systems -- 10.2.2 New Developments -- 10.3 Major Controls -- 10.4 Block Diagram -- 10.5 Major Modes -- 10.6 Clinical Applications -- 10.7 Transducers and Image Formats -- 10.7.1 Image Formats and Transducer Types -- 10.7.2 Transducer Implementations -- 10.7.3 Multidimensional Arrays -- 10.8 Front End -- 10.8.1 Transmitters -- 10.8.2 Receivers -- 10.9 Scanner -- 10.9.1 Beamformers -- 10.9.2 Signal Processors -- Bandpass filters -- Matched filters -- 10.10 Back End -- 10.10.1 Scan Conversion and Display -- 10.10.2 Computation and Software -- 10.11 Advanced Signal Processing -- 10.11.1 High-end Imaging Systems -- 10.11.2 Attenuation and Diffraction Amplitude Compensation -- 10.11.3 Frequency Compounding -- 10.11.4 Spatial Compounding -- 10.11.5 Real-time Border Detection -- 10.11.6 Three- and Four-dimensional Imaging -- 10.12 Alternate Imaging System Architectures -- 10.12.1 Introduction -- 10.12.2 Plane-wave Compounding -- 10.12.3 Fourier Transform Imaging -- 10.12.4 Synthetic Aperture Imaging -- 10.12.5 Parallel Beamforming Archictectures -- 10.12.6 Ultrasound Research Systems -- Verasonics System -- Ultrasonix imaging system -- Visualsonics imaging systems -- Other research systems -- References -- Bibliography -- 11 Doppler Modes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Doppler Effect -- 11.3 Scattering from Flowing Blood in Vessels -- 11.4 Continuous-Wave Doppler -- 11.5 Pulsed-Wave Doppler -- 11.5.1 Introduction -- 11.5.2 Range-Gated Pulsed Doppler Processing.

11.5.3 Quadrature Sampling.