Manual of Diagnostic Cytology of the Dog and Cat -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Editor's Note -- 1 Cytological Collection Techniques and Sample Preparation -- Sampling techniques -- Fine-needle aspiration -- Impression smears/imprints -- Scrapings -- Swab smears -- Brushings -- Collection and handling of fluid samples for cytological examination -- Staining techniques -- Microscopic examination of cytological specimens -- Recognition of artefacts -- 2 General Principles of Cytological Interpretation -- Initial assessment of the sample: Is the preparation of diagnostic quality? -- Inflammation -- Neutrophilic inflammation -- Macrophage-rich or granulomatous inflammation -- Eosinophilic inflammation -- Lymphocytic/plasmacytic inflammation -- Mixed inflammation -- Aspiration of normal or hyperplastic tissue -- Neoplasia -- Criteria for malignancy -- Dysplasia -- Characteristics of cell populations: Epithelial, mesenchymal or discrete round cell? -- Epithelial -- Mesenchymal -- Discrete round cells -- Cystic structures -- 3 Cytology of the Lymphoid Tissues -- The lymph node -- Normal cytological appearance and benign changes -- Non-lymphoid tissue -- Reactive hyperplasia -- Lymphadenitis -- N eoplasia -- Metastatic malignancies -- Lymphoid malignancies -- Morphology of canine lymphomas classified by the Kiel classification -- Histiocytic sarcoma -- The spleen -- Benign changes -- Neoplasia -- Thymus -- 4 Cytology of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions -- Introduction -- Normal cell types -- Non-neoplastic lesions -- Neoplastic lesions -- Epithelial tumours -- Mesenchymal tumours -- Round cell tumours -- 5 Cytology of the Respiratory Tract -- Introduction -- Collection techniques -- Nasal flush -- Transtracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage -- Transtracheal wash -- Bronchoalveolar lavage.

Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration -- Cytological evaluation -- Nasal cytology -- Normal cell types -- Inflammation/infection -- Neoplasia -- Cytology of the trachea and bronchial tree -- Normal cell types -- Mucus -- Oropharyngeal contamination -- Inflammation -- Eosinophilic inflammation -- Dysplastic epithelial cells -- Squamous metaplasia -- Intrapulmonary haemorrhage -- Neoplasia (primary or metastatic) -- 6 Biochemical and Cytological Evaluation of Body Cavity Effusions -- Introduction -- Sample collection and processing -- Classification of effusions -- Traditional system -- Aetiological system -- Artefacts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 Cytology of Synovial Fluid -- Introduction -- Collection -- Restraint -- Asepsis -- Equipment -- Approach -- Sample handling -- Synovial fluid properties -- Volume -- Colour and turbidity -- Viscosity -- Mucin quality -- Total nucleated cell count -- Total protein -- Cytology -- Culture -- Ancillary diagnostic tests -- Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) -- Rheumatoid factor -- Classification of joint disease -- Inflammatory arthropathies -- Infectious arthritis -- Non-infectious arthritis -- Degenerative joint disease -- Haemarthrosis -- Neoplasia -- 8 Biochemical and Cytological Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Contraindications -- CSF collection sites and technique -- Processing of CSF -- Gross appearance -- CSF protein concentration -- Cell counts -- CSF cytology -- Haemorrhage -- Non-inflammatory cells -- Neutrophilic pleocytosis -- Mononuclear pleocytosis -- Eosinophilic pleocytosis -- Myelin -- Additional testing -- 9 Cytology of the Eye and Adnexal Structures -- Eyelids -- Indications for cytological investigation -- Collection techniques -- Normal cell types -- Abnormal cytology -- Other infectious agents -- Neoplasia -- Conjunctiva and cornea.

Indications for cytological investigation -- Collection techniques -- Normal cell types -- Abnormal cytology -- Other infectious agents -- Neoplasia -- Anterior chamber -- Collection technique -- Indications for cytological investigation -- Normal cell types -- Abnormal cytology -- Vitreous -- Normal cell types -- Orbit -- Collection techniques -- Normal cell types -- Abnormal cytology -- 10 Cytology of the Urinary Tract -- Collection techniques -- Urine -- Bladder and urethra -- Kidneys -- Sample preparation -- Cytological evaluation -- Urine sediment cytology -- Cytology of bladder washes, fine-needle aspirates and impression smears -- Renal cytology -- Abnormal cytology -- Inflammation -- Neoplasia -- 11 Cytology of the Liver, Exocrine Pancreas and Gastrointestinal Tract -- Liver -- Normal cytological findings -- Non-neoplastic disorders -- Neoplasia -- The exocrine pancreas -- Normal cytological findings -- Non-neoplastic disorders -- Neoplasia -- Gastrointestinal tract -- Stomach -- Intestines -- References -- 12 Cytological Examination of the Endocrine Glands -- Introduction -- Cytology of the thyroid gland -- Cytology of the adrenal glands -- Cytology of the endocrine pancreas -- References -- 13 Cytology of the Male and Female Genital Tracts -- Introduction -- Cytology of the male genital tract -- Disorders of the testicle and scrotum -- Infectious orchitis and epididymitis -- Testicular tumours -- Disorders of the prostate -- Normal cell types -- Benign prostatic hyperplasia -- Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts -- Prostatitis and prostatic abscess -- Prostatic neoplasms -- Squamous metaplasia -- Disorders of the penis and prepuce -- Balanitis and posthitis -- Penile and preputial neoplasms -- Semen collection and evaluation -- Common conditions affecting semen quality -- Cytology of the female genital tract.

Infectious and inflammatory disorders -- Neoplastic disorders -- Vaginal cytology for breeding management -- Ovarian remnant syndrome -- References -- 14 Cytology of Mammary Gland Lesions -- Indications for cytological investigation -- Collection techniques -- Samples from mammary lesions -- Mammary secretion -- Normal cell types and cytological appearance of normal lactating mammary gland -- Mastitis -- Feline mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia -- Solid benign lesions (adenoma, canine lobular hyperplasia) -- Benign mixed and complex mammary tumours -- Mammary cysts -- Malignant epithelial neoplasms -- Mammary sarcomas -- Malignant mixed mammary tumours -- 15 Cytology of Selected Infectious Organisms -- Introduction -- Bacterial infections -- Fungal infections -- Protozoal infections -- Parasitic infections -- Viral infections -- Further Reading -- General -- Collection Techniques and Principles of Interpretation -- Respiratory Tract Cytology -- Gastrointestinal Tract Cytology -- Endocrine Cytology -- Cytology of the Lymphoid System -- Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Genital Tract Cytology -- Index.