SMART GRID -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- Part One ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS: THE MAIN COMPONENT -- 1 Introduction to Power Systems Before Smart Grid -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Yesterday's Grid -- 1.2.1 Early Communication Networking in the Power Grid -- 1.2.2 An Analogy between the Power Grid and Communication Network -- 1.3 Fundamentals of Electric Power -- 1.3.1 Charge, Voltage, and Ground -- 1.3.2 Conductivity -- 1.3.3 Ohm's Law -- 1.3.4 Circuits -- 1.3.5 Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 1.3.6 Electromagnetic Induction -- 1.3.7 Circuit Basics -- 1.3.8 Magnetic Circuits -- 1.4 Case Studies: Postmortem Analysis of Blackouts -- 1.4.1 Blackouts Have Something to Teach Us -- 1.4.2 A Brief Case Study -- 1.5 Drivers Toward the Smart Grid -- 1.6 Goals of the Smart Grid -- 1.6.1 Provide Power Quality for the Range of Needs in a Digital Economy -- 1.6.2 Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options -- 1.6.3 Enable New Products, Services, and Markets -- 1.6.4 Enable Active Participation by Consumers -- 1.6.5 Operate Resiliently against Physical and Cyberattack and Natural Disasters -- 1.6.6 Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances in a Self-healing Manner -- 1.6.7 Optimize Asset Utilization and Operating Efficiency -- 1.7 A Few Words on Standards -- 1.8 From Energy and Information to Smart Grid and Communications -- 1.9 Summary -- 1.10 Exercises -- 2 Generation -- 2.1 Introduction to Generation -- 2.2 Centralized Generation -- 2.2.1 Alternating Current -- 2.2.2 Complex and Reactive Power -- 2.2.3 Power Quality -- 2.2.4 Generation -- 2.3 Management and Control: Introducing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems -- 2.3.1 Efficiency and the Environment -- 2.4 Energy Storage -- 2.5 Summary -- 2.6 Exercises -- 3 Transmission -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Power Grid Components -- 3.2.1 Control Centers.

3.2.2 Transformers -- 3.2.3 Capacitor Banks -- 3.2.4 Relays and Reclosers -- 3.2.5 Substations -- 3.2.6 Inverters -- 3.3 Classical Power Grid Analytical Techniques -- 3.3.1 Frequency Analysis -- 3.3.2 Per-Unit System -- 3.3.3 Phasors -- 3.3.4 Power Flow Analysis -- 3.3.5 Fault Analysis -- 3.3.6 State Estimation -- 3.3.7 Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System -- 3.4 Transmission Challenges -- 3.4.1 Integrated Volt-VAr Control -- 3.4.2 Geomagnetically Induced Currents -- 3.4.3 Quality Issues -- 3.4.4 Large-scale Synchronization -- 3.4.5 The Power Transmission Market -- 3.5 Wireless Power Transmission -- 3.6 Summary -- 3.7 Exercises -- 4 Distribution -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Transformers in the Distribution System -- 4.1.2 Feeders -- 4.1.3 Power Lines -- 4.1.4 Distribution Topologies -- 4.1.5 Designing Distribution Systems -- 4.2 Protection Techniques -- 4.2.1 Fuses, Breakers, Relays, and Reclosers -- 4.2.2 Distance Relays -- 4.2.3 Pilot Protection -- 4.2.4 Protection and Stability -- 4.2.5 Special Protection Schemes and Remedial Action Schemes -- 4.2.6 Oscillographs -- 4.2.7 Protection Coordination -- 4.3 Conservation Voltage Reduction -- 4.4 Distribution Line Carrier -- 4.5 Summary -- 4.6 Exercises -- 5 Consumption -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Loads -- 5.2.1 The Power Market -- 5.2.2 Implications for Restructuring -- 5.2.3 Frequency -- 5.2.4 System Operation and Management -- 5.2.5 Automation: Motivation for the "Smart Grid" -- 5.2.6 Human Factors -- 5.3 Variability in Consumption -- 5.4 The Consumer Perspective -- 5.5 Visibility -- 5.5.1 Microgrids -- 5.6 Flexibility for the Consumer -- 5.6.1 Consumer Energy Management -- 5.6.2 Plug-in Electric Vehicles -- 5.7 Summary -- 5.8 Exercises -- Part Two COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING: THE ENABLER -- 6 What is Smart Grid Communication? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Maxwell's Equations.

6.1.2 Eigensystems and Graph Spectra -- 6.2 Energy and Information -- 6.2.1 Back to the Physics of Information -- 6.3 System View -- 6.4 Power System Information Theory -- 6.4.1 Complexity Theory -- 6.4.2 Network Coding -- 6.4.3 Information Theory and Network Science -- 6.4.4 Network Science and Routing -- 6.4.5 Compressive Sensing -- 6.5 Communication Architecture -- 6.5.1 Smart Grid Applications and Communication -- 6.5.2 Active Network -- 6.6 Wireless Communication Introduction -- 6.6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation -- 6.6.2 The Wave Equation -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Exercises -- 7 Demand-Response and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Demand-Response -- 7.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure -- 7.4 IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, ROLL, and RPL -- 7.4.1 Relationship between Power Line Voltage and Communication -- 7.4.2 Introduction to IEEE 802 -- 7.4.3 Introduction to IEEE 802.15 -- 7.4.4 IEEE 802.15.4 -- 7.4.5 Introduction to IEEE 802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks -- 7.4.6 Introduction to 6LoWPAN -- 7.4.7 Introduction to Ripple Routing Protocol and Routing over Low-Power and Lossy Networks -- 7.5 IEEE 802.11 -- 7.6 Summary -- 7.7 Exercises -- 8 Distributed Generation and Transmission -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Distributed Generation -- 8.2.1 Distributed Control -- 8.2.2 Many Small Generators Working with the Grid -- 8.2.3 Distributed Generation: Back to the Future -- 8.2.4 Photovoltaics -- 8.3 The Smart Power Transmission System -- 8.3.1 The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System -- 8.4 Wireless Power Transmission -- 8.5 Wide-Area Monitoring -- 8.6 Networked Control -- 8.7 Summary -- 8.8 Exercises -- 9 Distribution Automation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Performance Metrics -- 9.2 Protection Coordination Utilizing Distribution Automation -- 9.2.1 Time-Current Curves.

9.3 Self-healing, Communication, and Distribution Automation -- 9.3.1 Distribution Topologies -- 9.3.2 An Example Algorithm -- 9.3.3 A Simplified Distribution System Protection Communication Model -- 9.3.4 The Communication Model -- 9.3.5 Probabilistic Interpretation of the Distribution Protection Communication System -- 9.3.6 Introducing WiMAX -- 9.3.7 WiMAX Mesh Mode -- 9.4 Summary -- 9.5 Exercises -- 10 Standards Overview -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology -- 10.3 International Electrotechnical Commission -- 10.4 International Council on Large Electric Systems -- 10.5 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -- 10.6 American National Standards Institute -- 10.7 International Telecommunication Union -- 10.8 Electric Power Research Institute -- 10.9 Other Standardization-Related Activities -- 10.9.1 Modbus -- 10.9.2 Power Line Carrier -- 10.9.3 Microsoft Power and Utilities Smart Energy Reference Architecture -- 10.10 Summary -- 10.11 Exercises -- Part Three EMBEDDED AND DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENCE FOR A SMARTER GRID: THE ULTIMATE GOAL -- 11 Machine Intelligence in the Grid -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Machine Intelligence and Communication -- 11.2.1 What is Machine Intelligence? -- 11.2.2 Relationship between Intelligence and Communication -- 11.2.3 Intelligence in Communications -- 11.2.4 Intelligence in the Power Grid -- 11.3 Computing Models for Smart Grid -- 11.3.1 Analytical Hierarchical Programming -- 11.3.2 Dynamic Programming -- 11.3.3 Stochastic Programming -- 11.3.4 Lagrangian Relaxation -- 11.3.5 Communication Complexity -- 11.4 Machine Intelligence in the Grid -- 11.4.1 Neural Networks -- 11.4.2 Expert Systems -- 11.4.3 Fuzzy Logic -- 11.4.4 Evolutionary Computation -- 11.4.5 Adaptive Dynamic Programming -- 11.4.6 Q-Learning -- 11.5 Machine-to-Machine Communication in Smart Grid.

11.5.1 Semantic Web -- 11.5.2 Cognitive Radio -- 11.6 Summary -- 11.7 Exercises -- 12 State Estimation and Stability -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Networked Control -- 12.3 State Estimation -- 12.4 Distributed State Estimation -- 12.5 Stability -- 12.5.1 System Performance -- 12.6 Stability and High-Penetration Distributed Generation -- 12.7 Summary -- 12.8 Exercises -- 13 Synchrophasor Applications -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Synchrophasors -- 13.2.1 Phasors -- 13.2.2 Timing and Synchronization -- 13.2.3 Synchrophasor Compression -- 13.3 Phasor Measurement Unit -- 13.3.1 Phasor Data Concentrator -- 13.4 Networking Synchrophasor Information -- 13.5 Synchrophasor Applications -- 13.6 Summary -- 13.7 Exercises -- 14 Power System Electronics -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Power System Electronics -- 14.2.1 Power Electronics to Improve Power Quality -- 14.3 Power Electronic Transformer -- 14.4 Protection Devices and Current Limiters -- 14.5 Superconducting Technologies -- 14.6 Summary -- 14.7 Exercises -- 15 Future of the Smart Grid -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Theory of Innovation -- 15.2 Geomagnetic Storms as Generators -- 15.3 Future Microgrids -- 15.3.1 From Power Grids to Microgrids to Nanogrids: Continuing the Reduction in Scale -- 15.3.2 Nanogeneration -- 15.3.3 Real Nanogrids -- 15.4 Nanoscale Communication Networks -- 15.5 Emerging Technologies -- 15.5.1 Quantum Energy Teleportation -- 15.6 Near-Space Power Generation -- 15.7 Summary -- 15.8 Exercises -- Appendix: Smart Grid Simulation Tools -- References -- Index.