Modes of Modality -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- Elisabeth Leiss & Werner Abraham -- part i -- Formal properties of modality -- Interpreting modals by phase heads* -- Daigo Akiba -- Evidentiality straddling T- and C-domains* -- Nadia Varley -- part ii -- Typological surveys -- The syntax of modal polyfunctionality revisited -- Evidence from the languages of Europe -- Björn Hansen -- Mora da as a marker of modal meanings in Macedonian -- On correlations between categorial restrictions and morphosyntactic behaviour* -- Björn Wiemer -- Modal semantics and morphosyntax of the Latvian DEBITIVE -- Ilze Lokmane & Andra Kalnača -- Deontic or epistemic? habēre as a modal marker of future certainty in Macedonian -- Liljana Mitkovska & Eleni Bužarovska -- Epistemic, evidential and attitudinal markers in clause-medial position in Cantonese -- Foong Ha Yap & Winnie Oi-Wan Chor -- part iii -- Interfaces between mood and modality -- Modal particles in rationale clauses and related constructions* -- Patrick Grosz -- Modal particles in causal clauses -- The case of German weil wohl* -- Mathias Schenner & Frank Sode -- part iv -- Modality conceptualizations -- Enablement and possibility -- Raphael Salkie -- The modal category of sufficiency -- Chantal Melis -- part v -- Diachronic derivation -- From agent-oriented modality to sequential -- The polysemy of the marker ni in Kakabe (Mande) -- Alexandra Vydrina -- part vi -- Covert modality -- A rare case of covert modality -- Spoken Polish and the novel periphrastic past with mieć 'have' -- Werner Abraham & Jadwiga Piskorz -- (C)Overt epistemic modality and its perspectival effects on the textual surface* -- Sonja Zeman -- Dimensions of implicit modality in Igbo -- Chinedu Uchechukwu -- Introduction -- 1. General background.

2. Formal properties of root vs. epistemic and evidential modality -- 3. Modality in typological survey -- 4. Interfaces between speech act, conditional, and modality -- 5. Modality reconceptualized -- 6. Covert modality -- References -- Interpreting modals by phase heads* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Root vs. epistemic modals -- 2.1 Structural positions -- 2.2 Scope -- 2.2.1 Tense -- 2.2.2 Adverbs -- 2.2.3 Quantifiers -- 2.3 Interim summary -- 3. The phase-based approach to modal interpretations -- 3.1 Phase-by-phase modal interpretation -- 3.2 Butler's (2003) analysis -- 3.3 Modal interpretations by phase heads -- 4. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Evidentiality straddling T- and C-domains* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Approaching the object of inquiry -- 2.1 What is evidentiality? -- 2.2 Evidential types -- 2.3 The ASP/TNS/Mood triplet and evidentiality -- 2.3.1 Theoretical background -- 2.3.2 The perfect paradigm and evidentiality -- 2.3.3 Usages of the -l morpheme in Bulgarian -- 2.3.4 On mirativity -- 2.3.5 Modality and evidentiality -- 3. The proposal -- 3.1 Speas (2004) -- 3.2 Deixis -- 3.3 On the 1/2PRSN vs. 3PRSN asymmetry -- 3.4 Person geometry and evidential "vouchers" -- 3.5 The structural position(s) of evidentiality -- 3.5.1 Epistemic and root modality -- 3.5.2 A pervasive asymmetry: i-EVID vs. h-EVID -- 3.5.2.1 The doings of the left periphery. The main claim of this paper is that there is a sharp distinction to be drawn between hearsay/quotative evidentiality and inferential evidentiality (with mirativity yet a way higher, cf. 2.3.4). This also means t -- 3.5.2.2 Explaining (and redressing) the 'boojum'. In a sequence of papers, ­Friedman (1982, 1986, 2001) consistently argues that the Bulgarian evidential is an elusive 'boojum', and auxiliary suppliance in conjunction with -l participles subject to (styli.

3.6 Interim considerations -- 4. Crossroads of evidentiality -- 4.1 Logophoricity, logophoric domains, and control -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- The syntax of modal polyfunctionality revisited -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The typological data -- 2. Approaches to modal polyfunctionality -- 2.1 The tradition in Germanic linguistics -- 2.2 The typological perspective -- 3. A classificatory typology of modal constructions -- 3.1 Subject encoding -- 3.2 INFL: Subject-predicate agreement -- 3.2.1 Subject-predicate agreement marking in modal constructions without copula -- 3.2.2 Subject-predicate agreement marking in modal constructions with copula -- 3.3 INFL: Tense (TAM) marking -- 4. Searching for syntactic features that correlate with modal polyfunctionality -- 4.1 Modals and the auxiliary-main verb distinction -- 4.2 Modals and complexity mismatch (raising vs. control) -- 4.3 Modals and the coherence of verbal complexes -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Mora da as a marker of modal meanings in Macedonian -- 1. Introduction and formulation of the task -- 2. Mac. mora (da): A survey of its meaning range and syntactic behaviour -- 2.1 On the Macedonian system of TAM-forms and grammatical evidentiality -- 2.2 mora da and restrictions on AT-forms -- 2.2.1 The perfects -- 2.2.2 Aspect (pfv.: Ipfv.) in the present tense -- 2.2.3 Confirmative past tenses -- 2.2.4 Future and conditional/potential -- 2.2.5 Interim summary -- 3. Lexical vs. grammatical status of mora (da) -- 3.1 Stepwise reduction of verbal features on mora -- 3.2 Other distributional facts -- 4. Conclusions -- Abbreviations in glosses (not covered by the Leipzig Glossing Rules) -- References -- Modal semantics and morphosyntax of the Latvian DEBITIVE -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The grammatical moods in Latvian -- 3. Description of the Latvian debitive.

3.1 Sub-moods of the debitive -- 3.1.1 Combination of the debitive and oblique -- 3.1.2 Combination of the debitive and conditional -- 3.2 The debitive in the passive voice -- 3.3 Problems of description of the debitive in Latvian grammars -- 4. The debitive and modality -- 4.1 The root modality reading -- 4.2 The epistemic modality reading -- 4.3 Modal and evidential meanings of the debitive combinations -- 5. Distributional traits of the debitive -- 5.1 The argument structure in debitive constructions -- 5.2 The choice between the Nominative or Accusative argument -- 5.3 The debitive and patterns of agreement -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Deontic or epistemic? habēre as a modal marker of future certainty in Macedonian -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 3. Goals and methodology -- 4. Grammaticalization of ima -- 4.1 Components of ima da-constructions -- 4.2 Overview of the grammaticalization stages -- 5. The semantics of uninflected ima -- 5.1 Uninflected ima compared to closely related modal expressions -- 5.2 The meaning of 'future certainty' as a distinctive mark of uninflected ima -- 6. Semantic differences between inflected and uninflected constructions -- 7. Conclusion: Uninflected ima as a marker of futural epistemic necessity -- Abbreviations -- References -- Epistemic, evidential and attitudinal markers in clause-medial position in Cantonese -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epistemic, evidential and attitudinal parentheticals derived from complement-taking psych verbs -- 2.1 Parenthetical epistemic marker ngo5 gok3dak1 'I feel/think' -- 2.2 Parenthetical epistemic and evidential marker (ngo5) paa3 'I'm afraid' -- 2.3 Parenthetical attitudinal marker (ngo5) m4zi1 ('I don't know') -- 2.4 Insubordination, subject ellipsis, topic constructions, and the grammaticalization of parenthetical stance markers.

3. Postverbal directional particles as attitudinal markers -- 3.1 Postverbal faan1 as a marker of speaker's positive evaluation -- 3.2 Postverbal maai4 as a marker of speaker's pejorative attitude -- 3.3 Verbal complementation and the emergence of postverbal attitudinal particles -- 4. Summary discussion and conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- References -- Modal particles in rationale clauses and related constructions* -- 1. Background: On the connection between force, modality and mood -- 2. The core puzzle: 'Imperative particles' in rationale clauses -- 2.1 Introducing the German particles 'ruhig', 'JA' and 'bloß' -- 2.2 Rationale clauses with 'ruhig', 'ja' and 'bloß' - The empirical scope -- 2.3 Rationale clauses with 'ruhig', 'JA' and 'bloß' - The core puzzle -- 3. The solution in a nutshell -- 4. Rationale clauses as modalized expressions -- 4.1 Introducing the rationale clause modal -- 4.2 The variable nature of the rationale clause modal -- 5. bloß/JA/ruhig as modal modifiers -- 5.1 The general pattern -- 5.2 The semantics of 'bloß'/'JA'/'ruhig' -- 5.3 A note on the formal implementation -- 6. Alternative views -- 6.1 Portner (2012) -- 6.2 Schwager (2010) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Modal particles in causal clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 2.1 Causal clauses -- 2.2 Modal particles -- 3. Modal particles in causal clauses -- 3.1 Modal particles and Force-based licensing -- 3.2 Causal clauses may contain illocutionary wohl -- 3.3 On the semantic clash of weil and wohl -- 4. Dynamics to the rescue: Toward solving the puzzle -- 5. Conclusion and further directions -- References -- Enablement and possibility -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Enablement -- 2. Enablement in different languages -- 3. Theoretical implications -- 3.1 Necessary conditions -- 3.2 Does can express a type of "root" modality?.

3.3 Impliciture, saturation and free enrichment.