Trends in Linguistics - Studies and Monographs 275 -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Acknowledgements -- CVs of editors and authors -- Table of Contents -- Introduction: Creole Studies and Contact Linguistics -- 1. Language contact in Creole Studies -- 2. Transfer and sub-disciplines of linguistics -- 3. Creole formation -- 4. The present volume: Substrate in Surinam -- 5. The notion of Sprachbund or linguistic area -- 6. The contents of the book -- Part I: Setting the scene -- The early history of Surinam: Why is Surinam different? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Why Surinam is different -- 3. A clearer picture -- 3.1. The English in Surinam -- 3.2. The external history: Willoughby, the colonizer of Surinam -- 3.3. The government and governors of Surinam -- 3.4. Plantations, population, and slaves -- 3.5. Early marronnage -- 4. Substrate or adstrate? -- 5. Ritual languages -- 6. Summary -- Migrations, ethnodynamics, and geolinguistics in the Eastern Aja-Tado cultural area -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Introduction to Gbe ethnodynamics -- 2.1. Migrations in the Aja-Tado area -- 2.2. Migrations before 1600 -- 2.3. The settlement of the Agasuvi -- 2.4. The Independence of Allada -- 2.5. Migrations from Allada to Jeken and Dame 1600-1620/migrationsafter 1600 -- 3. Migrations and the trans-Atlantic slave trade -- 4. The expansion of Dahomey and its consequences for southward migrations -- 4.1. Tensions, conflicts, and slave trade -- 5. Eastern Gbe Noun-Prefix Systems -- 5.1. The present day Gbe ethnic groups and their prefix classes -- 5.2. The class prefixes of the Agasuvi ethnic groups (Fon/Gun) -- 5.3. The class prefixes of the emigrant Ayizo ethnic groups -- 5.4. The influence of Whydah? -- 5.5. The class prefixes of the Xwla-Xwela ethnic groups -- 6. The geographic distribution of class prefixes -- 6.1. The behavior of Class 1 words.

6.2. The behavior of Class 2 words -- 6.3. The behavior of Class 3 words -- 6.4. The behavior of Class 4 words -- 7. Early linguistic records from Allada and Whydah -- 8. The picture in Saramaccan -- 9. Gbe function words in Saramaccan -- 9.1. ambἑ -- 9.2. andí -- 9.3. wἐ -- 9.4. Summing up on function words -- 10. Conclusion -- Ingredient X: the shared African lexical element in the English-lexifier Atlantic Creoles, and the theory of rapid creolization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ingredient X -- 2.1. Baker (1999) -- 3. Discussion of Ingredient X forms. -- 4. Locating Ingredient X in time and space -- 5. Timetable of events relevant to Surinam -- 6. Beginnings and speed of creolization -- 7. Ingredient X is not alone -- 7.1. Make-Imperatives -- 7.2. Atlantic Creole copulas derived from deictics, and the imperfectivemarkers derived from them -- 8. Differences among Atlantic Creoles -- 9. Coexistence between creole languages and colonial languages -- 10. Where did Krio come from? -- 11. Krio as a Maroon language -- 12. Why the language of the Nova Scotian settlers cannot be considered Proto-Krio -- 13. Concluding remarks -- Relexification and other language contact scenarios for explaining substrate effects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The facts: earlier studies on African substrate in the Caribbean Creoles -- 3. Methodological and conceptual issues -- 4. Relexification -- 4.1. Formally defining relexification -- 4.2. Relexification and bilingual mixed languages -- 4.3. Lexical versus functional categories in relexification: different modelsand predictions -- 4.4. Grammaticalization and relexification -- 5. Transfer in second language acquisition. -- 6. Bilingual convergence and pattern replication -- 7. Code-mixing -- 8. Relexification and lexical borrowing -- 9. Attrition -- 10. Concluding remarks -- Part II: Language structures: a sprachbund?.

Trans-Atlantic patterns: the relexification of locative constructions in Sranan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Locative elements in Sranan -- 3. Locative constructions in Sranan and Gbe -- 3.1. Place-orientedrelations -- 3.2. GOAL- and SOURCE-oriented relations -- 3.3. From preposition in the lexifier to verb in Sranan -- 4. Towards an explanation of variation in Sranan -- 5. Summary of findings and discussion -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Verb Semantics and Argument Structure in the Gbe and Sranan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. CUT and BREAK verbs -- 2.1. Break verbs -- 2.2. Barbering -- 2.3. Peeling -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. COME and GO -- 4. The EAT verb -- 5. Summary -- 6. Argument structure -- 6.1. Property concept predicates -- 6.2. "True" intransitive verbs in Sranan -- 6.3. Transitives -- 6.4. Ditransitives -- 7. Conclusion -- Morphology, cross-linguistic effects, and creole formation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Suriname Creole Archive -- 3. Languages in contact in 17th and 18th century Surinam -- 4. Cross-linguistic effects below word level -- 4.1. Derivational morphemes in Early Sranan and Gbe and Akan languages -- 4.1.1. Diminutives -- 4.1.2. Location nouns -- 4.1.3. Participant and non-participant nouns -- 5. Conclusion -- Non-iconic reduplications in Eastern Gbe and Surinam -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Syntax-driven verbal reduplication in Gun -- 2.1. Finite clauses -- 2.2. More on the structure of finite clauses -- 2.3. Nominalizations -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. Reduplicated adjectives -- 4. Adjectives structured -- 5. The Surinam Creoles -- 5.1. Non-productive reduplicated verbal nouns -- 5.2. Adjectives in the Surinam Creoles -- 5.3. Saramaccan adjectives structured -- 6. The origin of predicative adjectives in the Surinam Creoles -- 7. Conclusion -- Substrate phonology, superstrate phonology and adstrate phonology in creole languages.

1. Introduction: stratal terminology -- 1.1. New stratal definitions -- 1.2. The coming sections -- 2. Substrate influence in Surinam? Some relevant phenomena -- 2.1. The stressed syllables of English words in Sranan -- 2.2. Early Sranan syllabification -- 2.2.1. Word codas in 17-Sranan -- 2.2.2. Consonant clusters in 17-Sranan -- 2.2.3. Non-final and final vowel nuclei -- 3. Fongbe as the main African adstrate language in Surinam (and awee bit of Kikongo). -- 3.1. Interactions of Fongbe and Kikongo speakers -- 3.2. Nasality patterns in the Surinam Creole African adstrate languages -- 3.3. Drift towards Nasal Cluster Voicing NCV) -- 3.4. What is the real substrate in Surinam? -- 4. Adstrate or substrate in Jamaica -- 4.1. Jamaican Creole -- 4.1.1. Comparison of Jamaican Creole and English constraint ranking -- 4.2. Another Case from Jamaica - Maroon Spirit Language/Eastern MaroonCreole (EMC) -- 4.3. Krio -- 5. English compared with the Surinam and Jamaican Creoles -- 6. Conclusion and speculation -- The left periphery in the Surinamese creoles and Gbe: on the modularity of substrate transfer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Complementation in Gbe and Saramaccan -- 2.1. fu-type1/fu-type2 versus ní-type1/ní-type2 -- 2.2. V-focus in Gbe and Saramaccan -- 2.2.1 V-focus in Gbe. -- 2.2.2. V-focus in Saramaccan. -- 2.3. On sentence final C-type markers in Gbe and Saramaccan -- 2.3.1. The yes-no question markers in Gbe: on sentence final C-type markers -- 2.3.3. The yes-no marker no in Saramaccan -- 2.4. Summary -- 3. The nominal left periphery: the D-system in Gbe and Saramaccan -- 3.1. The D-system in Gbe and Sranan -- 3.1. Bare nouns and the expression of definiteness -- 3.1.2. The expression of specificity -- 3.1.3. The expression of number -- 3.1.4. The derivation of determiners -- 3.2. Same function, different syntax, why? -- 3.2.1. Summary.

4. Concluding remarks -- Relexification and clause-embedding predicates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scenarios of creole genesis -- 3. The syntax of clause-embedding predicates. -- 4. The syntax of aspectual predicates -- 5. Conclusions -- Part III: Wrapping up -- Conclusion: Feature distribution in the West Africa-Surinam Trans-Atlantic Sprachbund -- 1. Introduction: The original hypotheses and further development of the analytical framework -- 2. Systematic overview of the grammatical findings -- 3. Interim conclusions -- 4. Possible explanations for the findings: factors involved -- 5. How 'African' or 'European' are the Surinam Creoles? -- 5.1. The language selection issue -- 5.2. Structural phylogenetics -- 5.3. Feature dependence and selecting a feature set -- 6. Resulting distance measures in a standard NeighborNet analysis and discussion -- 7. Conclusions and discussion -- Bibliography of work resulting from the Trans-Atlantic Sprachbund project -- A preliminary list of probable Kikongo (KiKoongo) lexical items in the Surinam Creoles -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Importation figures -- 1.2. Sources -- 2. Nouns -- 3. Verbs -- 4. Relevant phonological aspects -- 4.1. Meinhof's Law -- 4.2. Tone in nouns -- 4.3. Tone in verbs -- 5. Abbreviations used in the list -- 6. The list -- 7. Concluding words -- A preliminary list of probable Gbe lexical items in the Surinam Creoles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Abbreviations -- 3. The list -- References -- Author index -- Subject, place, and historical figure index.