Cancer Stem Cells -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Section I Essentials of Cancer Stem Cells and Conceptual Modeling -- Chapter 1 Theoretical and Experimental Foundations of the "Cancer Stem Cell" Model -- Definition of Stem Cells -- The "Cancer Stem Cell" (CSC) Model -- Theoretical Considerations in Support of the CSC Model -- Development of the CSC Model in Human Tumors -- Origin, Identity, and Evolution of CSCs During Disease Progression -- Validation of the CSC Model in Animal Tumors -- Experimental Proof of Multi-lineage Differentiation in Solid Tumors -- Clinical Implications of the CSC Model -- Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 The Hallmarks of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells -- Introduction -- A Systematic Approach to Etiology: Lessons from Koch's Postulates -- Could the Study of Cancer Stem Cells Benefit from Koch's Framework for Investigation? -- A Systematic Approach to Prostate Cancer Stem Cell Biology: Learning from the 'Hallmarks of Cancer' -- Hallmarks of the CSC Phenotype -- Drug Development for CSC Therapeutics: Good Drug-Bad Test or Vice Versa? -- Prospects for Therapeutic Applications: Combinations Are Better -- Conclusion: Proceed With Caution -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Self-Renewal, Induced Proliferation, and Autonomous Cell Growth Represent Distinct Modes of Cell Multiplication: Relevance to the Cancer Stem Cell Theory -- Introduction -- Do HSCs Self-Renew or Are They Just Maintained Throughout Life Span? -- LIC Proliferate Extensively -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cancer: Modeling Disease in a Dish -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Cancer Stem Cell as a Result of a Reprogramming-Like Mechanism: Implications in Tumor Development and Treatment.

The Cancer Stem Cell Theory -- Stem Cells and Cancer Initiation -- Expression of Pluripotency-Related Genes in Cancer -- EMT, MET, and Cellular Reprogramming -- Organ Development and Cancer -- Cancer as a Reprogramming-Like Disease: Therapeutic Implications -- Association of Embryonic Surface Markers and Cancer Stem Cells -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 A Cancer Stem Cell Model: An Insight into the Conversion of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cancer Stem-Like Cells -- Introduction -- Generation of Cancer Stem-Like Cells In Vitro -- Future Investigations and Applications of Cancer Stem-Like Cells -- Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7 Altruistic Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells -- Introduction -- The p53 Activity During Stem Cell Self-Renewal in Hypoxia/Oxidative Stress Microenvironment -- Stem Cell Altruism: The Defense of Clonal Heterogeneity During Hypoxia/Oxidative Stress -- From the Idea of Stemness to Altruistic Stem Cell Defense (ASD) System -- ASD System and Tumor Stemness Reprogramming -- Revisiting the Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis -- ASD System: Future Direction -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 The Emerging Concept of EMT-Induced Cancer Stem Cells -- Tumor as Organs: Existence of Cancer Stem Cells -- Origin of Cancer Stem Cells -- What is EMT ? -- EMT -Induced Cancer Stem Cells -- Clinical Implications of EMT -Induced Cancer Stem Cells -- Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Models to Study Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cancer Stem Cells -- Cancer -- Cancer Stem Cell ( CSC) Model -- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -- Models to Study CML CSCs -- A Comparison of Human and Mouse Model Transcriptional Data to Study CML CSCs -- Discussion -- Concluding Prospective -- References -- Chapter 10 Cancer Stem Cells in Melanoma: Biomarkers and Mathematical Models.

Introduction -- Biomarkers -- Mathematical Models for Cancer Growth: The Case of Melanoma -- Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Section II Stem Cells in Liquid Tumors -- Chapter 11 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells-Updates and Controversies -- Background-Normal Hematopoiesis -- Identification of the Leukemic Stem Cell -- References -- Chapter 12 Leukemia-Initiating Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia -- Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy-Alternative Origins of Leukemia-Initiating Cells -- Heterogeneity of Leukemic Cells Regarding Their Initiating Potential -- Lessons From Disease Biology Regarding the Nature of ALL -Initiating Cells -- Some Xenotransplantation Models Suggest a Stem Cell Origin of ALL -Initiating Cells -- Data From Relapsed Patients Make a Stem Cell Origin of ALL -Initiating Cells Unlikely -- Even Mature Lymphoid Precursors Can Function as ALL -Initiating Cells in Appropriate Models -- ALL - LIC -Activity Is Related to Activation Pathways That Can Be Pharmacologically Targeted -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Section III Stem Cells in Solid Tumors -- Chapter 13 Lung Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Radiotherapy -- Introduction -- Resistance to Ionizing Radiation in Lund Cancer -- Lung Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells -- Radioresistance in Cancer Stem Cells -- Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in  NSCLC -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 Prostate Cancer Cell Heterogeneity and Prostate Cancer Stem Cells -- The Idealized Prostate Cancer Stem Cell -- Prostate CSCs and the Metastatic Microenvironmental Mystery -- Prospective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 Glioblastoma Stem Cells Drive Tumor Recurrence and Patient Relapse: What's the Evidence? -- Characterizing Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells -- Controversies -- Conclusions (The Future Therapeutic Approach) -- References.

Chapter 16 Stem Cells and Pancreatic Cancer -- Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma -- Cell of Origin of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma -- Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Pancreas -- Cancer Stem Cells in PDAC -- Metastasis-Initiating Cells -- Therapies Against Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells -- Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 17 Melanoma Subpopulations with Cancer Stem Cell Phenotypes -- Introduction -- CSC Overview -- Tumor Subpopulations with CSC Phenotypes in Melanoma -- New Therapy Approaches to Target Tumor Subpopulations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 Sarcoma Stem Cells -- Introduction -- Isolation and Characterization of Sarcoma Stem Cells -- Sarcoma Stem Cells -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section IV Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Metastasis Perspective -- Chapter 19 Cancer Stem Cells in Metastasis and Minimal Residual Disease -- Introduction -- Metastatic Spread -- Extrinsic Factors Regulating Metastasis: The Niche -- Prospectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 20 Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Metastasis -- Cancer Stem Cells -- Metastatic Properties of CSCs -- The Niche Regulates Stemness and Invasiveness -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 21 Cancer Stem Cells and the Stromal Microenvironment -- Introduction -- Cancer Stem Cells -- Cancer Stromal Microenvironment -- Significance -- Prospective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 22 A Perspective on Breast Cancer Malignant Progression: From Cancer Stem Cell Intra Tumor Heterogeneity to Metastasis-Initiating Cells -- The Cancer Stem Cell Intra Tumor Heterogeneity Hypothesis -- Provocative Question: Are Metastasis-Initiating Cells (MIC) Different From Primary Tumor-Initiating Cells? -- Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Luminal Breast Cancer: The  ERa Paradigm -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments.

References -- Section V Novel and Potential Targets in Cancer Stem Cells -- Chapter 23 Targeting Cancer Stem Cells-Modulating Embryonic Stem Cell Signaling, Epigenetics, and Tumor Metabolism -- Introduction-Embryonic Stem Cell Targeting Therapy -- Notch Signaling Pathway and Inhibitors -- Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Inhibitors -- Wnt Signaling Pathway and Inhibitors -- Polycomb-Repressive Complexes and Inhibitors -- Novel CSC Therapeutic Targets and Inhibitors -- Targeting Epithelial- to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and CSC Therapeutics -- Perspectives and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 24 Oct4, Oct1, and Cancer Stem Cells -- Malignant Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Gene Expression -- Oct4 in Pluripotency, Malignancy, and CSCs -- Oct1 as an OCT4 Surrogate -- Oct1 and Oct4 Working in Concert -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 25 The Role of Cripto-1 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells -- Introduction -- Cripto-1 Oncogenic Activities In Vitro -- The Role of Cripto-1 Overexpression in Promoting Mammary Tumorigenesis in Vivo -- Clinical Significance of Cripto-1 Expression -- Cripto-1 and Embryonic Stem Cells -- Cripto-1 and iPS Cells -- Cripto-1 and Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) -- Cripto-1 as Target for Cancer Therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 26 Leptin Signaling in the Regulation of Stem and Cancer Stem Cells -- Introduction -- Structure and Function of Leptin and Leptin Receptors -- Leptin Signaling in the Regulation of Stem Cells -- Leptin Signaling in Cancer Stem Cells -- Cross Talk Between Leptin Signaling and Oncogenic Pathways in Cancer Stem Cells -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27 Tumor-Initiating Stem-Like Cells: Carcinogenesis through Toll-Like Receptors, Environmental Factors, and Virus -- Introduction -- Drug Resistance and Tumor-Initiating Cells (TIC).

Tumor-Initiating Stem-Like Cells (TIC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC).