Cover image for Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment : Analysis, Processes, Occurrence, Effects and Risks.
Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment : Analysis, Processes, Occurrence, Effects and Risks.
Title:
Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment : Analysis, Processes, Occurrence, Effects and Risks.
Author:
Lambropoulou, Dimitra A.
ISBN:
9781118339565
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (965 pages)
Contents:
Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Analysis, Processes, Occurrence, Effects and Risks -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I: General Considerations -- 1 Classifying the Transformation Products (TPs) of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) for Prioritizing Research into their Impact on the Environment and Human Health -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Emerging Contaminants - Emerging Problem -- 1.2.1 Veterinary and Human Antibiotics -- 1.2.2 Human Drugs -- 1.2.3 Industrial and Household Wastewater Products -- 1.2.4 Sex and Steroidal Hormones -- 1.3 Transformation Products of ECs -- 1.3.1 Veterinary and Human Antibiotics -- 1.3.2 Human Drugs -- 1.3.3 Industrial and Household Wastewater Products -- 1.3.4 Sex and Steroidal Hormones -- 1.4 Minimizing Environmental Risk of ECs and their TPs -- 1.4.1 Designing a Risk Minimization Strategy -- 1.4.2 Results of the Prioritization Procedure -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- 2 Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources and Pathways of Emerging Contaminants to Groundwater -- 2.3 Persistence in the Groundwater Environment -- 2.4 Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Groundwater -- 2.4.1 Pesticides -- 2.4.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.4.3 Personal Care Products and Synthetic Musks -- 2.4.4 Caffeine and Nicotine -- 2.4.5 Alkylphenols and Other Endocrine Disruptors -- 2.4.6 Disinfection By-Products -- 2.4.7 Brominated and Fluorinated Compounds -- 2.4.8 Triazoles -- 2.4.9 Naphthenic Acids -- 2.4.10 Explosive Residues -- 2.4.11 Algal Toxins -- 2.5 Toxicity and Risk Assessment -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies.

3 Phototransformation Processes of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Direct Photolysis and Sensitised Reactions in the Transformation of Emerging Contaminants -- 3.2.1 Direct Photolysis -- 3.2.2 Reaction with OH -- 3.2.3 Reaction with CO3‾ -- 3.2.4 Reaction with 3CDOM* -- 3.2.5 Reaction with 1O2 -- 3.3 The Case of Photonitration -- 3.4 Towards the Modelling of Phototransformation Kinetics in Surface Water -- 3.4.1 Surface-Water Absorption Spectrum -- 3.4.2 Reaction with OH -- 3.4.3 Direct Photolysis -- 3.4.4 Reaction with CO3‾ -- 3.4.5 Reaction with 1O2 -- 3.4.6 Reaction with 3CDOM* -- 3.4.7 Photochemical Transformation of Organic Pollutants -- 3.4.8 Photo-Transformation of Intermediates -- References -- 4 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants upon Reaction with Conventional Water Disinfection Oxidants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analytical Methodology for Transformation Products Identification -- 4.2.1 GC-MS-Based Approaches -- 4.2.2 LC-MS-Based Approaches -- 4.3 Factors Influencing the Kinetics of Chlorination -- 4.4 Overview of Typical Reaction Mechanisms During Free Chlorine Treatments -- 4.5 Review of Current Knowledge of Emerging Pollutant Reactions with Free Chlorine -- 4.5.1 Pharmaceuticals -- 4.5.2 Androgenic and Estrogenic Steroidal Compounds -- 4.5.3 Substances of Abuse -- 4.5.4 Bisphenol A and Nonylphenol -- 4.5.5 Bactericides: Triclosan and Parabens -- 4.5.6 UV Filters -- 4.5.7 Antioxidants -- 4.5.8 Cyanotoxins -- 4.6 Other Disinfection Agents -- 4.6.1 Chlorine Dioxide -- 4.6.2 Chloramination -- 4.6.3 Permanganate and Ferrate -- 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 5 Approaches to Water andWastewater Treatment for Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Ongoing Research and Recommendations for Future Work -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ozonation -- 5.3 Membrane Processes.

5.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) -- 5.5 AOPs Including Solar AOPs -- 5.5.1 Solar Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 5.5.2 Different Approaches for Treating ECs by Solar AOPs -- References -- 6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants Formed during Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Pesticides -- 6.2.1 Organophosphorus Insecticides -- 6.2.2 Anilide Herbicides (ANHs) -- 6.2.3 Phenylurea Herbicides (PUHs) -- 6.2.4 Neonicotinoid Insecticides (NCIs) -- 6.2.5 Glyphosate Herbicide -- 6.3 Phthalate Esters -- 6.4 Pharmaceutical Compounds -- 6.4.1 Fibrates -- 6.4.2 β-Blockers -- 6.5 Others -- 6.5.1 Bisphenol A -- 6.5.2 Triclosan -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Enzymatic Reactors Applied for the Biotransformation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 7.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 7.1.1 Sources and Fate -- 7.1.2 Physicochemical Properties and Ecotoxicity of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 7.1.3 Estrogenic Activity -- 7.1.4 Methods for the Removal of EDCs -- 7.2 White-Rot Fungi and Their Lignin Modifying Enzymes -- 7.2.1 Characteristics of the White-Rot Fungi -- 7.2.2 Lignin-Modifying Enzymes and Their Mediators -- 7.3 Enzymatic Reactors -- 7.3.1 Free Enzymes -- 7.3.2 Immobilized Enzymes -- 7.4 Determination of Transformation Products from the Enzymatic Treatment of EDCs -- 7.4.1 Analytical Techniques -- 7.4.2 Transformation Products Detected in Enzymatic Treatments -- References -- 8 Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Nomenclature -- 8.1.2 Enantiomeric Fraction -- 8.1.3 Chiral Emerging Contaminants -- 8.2 Enantiospecific Analytical Methods -- 8.3 Changes in Enantiomeric Composition During Biological Transformation Processes -- 8.4 Evidence for Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion -- 8.5 Implications and Priorities for Future Research.

References -- Part III: Analytical Strategies -- 9 Quality Issues in Water Sampling, Sample Pre-Treatment and Monitoring -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Monitoring of Transformation Products in Water Bodies -- 9.3 Sample Representativeness and Stability Issues -- 9.4 Identification of Transformation Products and Legislative Requirements -- 9.4.1 Basic Principles -- 9.4.2 Quality Control in Qualitative Analysis of TPs -- 9.4.3 Applications -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants: Analytical Challenges and Future Needs -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Generation, Detection and Identification of Transformation Products at Lab Scale: An Analytical Challenge -- 10.2.1 Detection of Transformation Products with GC-MS and LC-MS -- 10.2.2 Identification of Transformation Products -- 10.3 Quantitative Analysis of TPs in the Environment -- 10.3.1 Sample Preparation -- 10.3.2 Determination of TPs in the Environment with High and Low Resolution Mass Spectrometric Techniques -- 10.4 Evaluation of the Toxicity of TPs -- 10.5 Conclusions and Future Needs -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Potential and Differences Among the Different MS Systems for Determining Unknown Compounds -- 11.2.1 GC-MS versus LC-MS -- 11.2.2 Capability and Potential of Instrumentation: The Right Analyzer -- 11.3 How to Proceed in the Structural Attribution -- 11.3.1 Kind of Analysis to be Performed -- 11.3.2 Strategies of Accurate Mass Screening for (non)Target Compounds and Unknowns: Elementary Composition Assignment -- 11.3.3 Structural Attribution by MSn -- 11.3.4 Limitation.

11.4 Accurate Mass Screening and Identification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples: Some Cases Studied -- 11.4.1 The Spectra Library: GC-MS Approach -- 11.4.2 LC-MS2 (QqQ) Identification of Fluoxetine Transformation Products -- 11.4.3 Identification of Unknown with LTQ Orbitrap -- 11.4.4 Focus on the Same Pollutant Studied with Different Analyzers: The Case of Diclofenac -- 11.4.5 The Use of FTICR-MS for Photodecomposition Transformation Products of Two Pesticides -- 11.4.6 Combined Approach -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Applications of NMR Techniques for the Identification and Structure Elucidation of Emerging Organic and Other Xenobiotic Organic Contaminants -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basic Techniques -- 12.2.1 Sample Enrichment and Clean-up -- 12.2.2 Tube NMR -- 12.2.3 Hyphenated NMR Techniques -- 12.3 Applications -- 12.3.1 EOCs and XOCs: Identification of the Transformation Products -- 12.3.2 Identification of Disinfection By-Products -- 12.3.3 Direct Analysis of XOCs and EOCs in Environmental Samples -- 12.3.4 Other Topics -- 12.4 Conclusions -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- Part IV: Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment: An Overview of Major Classes -- 13 Transformation Products of Pesticides in the Environment: Analysis and Occurrence -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Transformation of Pesticides in the Environment -- 13.3 Analytical Techniques Used in the Identification and Analysis of TPs -- 13.3.1 Sample Preparation and Preconcentration -- 13.3.2 Analytical Determination -- 13.4 Occurrence of Pesticide TPs in the Environment -- 13.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Metabolites and Transformation Products of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment as Contaminants of Emerging Concern -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Human Metabolites in the Aquatic Environment.

14.3 Biotransformation Products in the Aquatic Environment.
Abstract:
Over the last 15 years, the focus of chemical pollution has shifted from conventional pollutants to so-called "emerging" or "new" unregulated contaminants. These include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, UV filters, perfluorinated compounds, poylybrominated flame retardants (BFRs), pesticides, plasticizers, artificial sweeteners, illicit drugs, and endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). Despite the increasing number of published studies covering emerging contaminants, we know almost nothing about the effects of their transformation products and/or metabolites. This two-volume set provides a unique collection of research on transformation products, their occurrence, fate and risks in the environment. It contains 32 chapters, organised into 7 parts, each with a distinct focus: General Considerations Transformation Processes and Treatment Strategies Analytical Strategies Occurrence, Fate and Effects in the Environment Global Speciality and Environmental Status Risk Assessment, Management and Regulatory Framework Outlook Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, ecotoxicology, environmental sciences, and hydrology, as well as environmental consultants and regulatory bodies.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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