Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgement -- Introduction -- WHY CONTROLLING? -- The Political Context -- What is a weapon of mass destruction? -- What is a dual-use item? -- The Legal Context -- The World Trade Organisation principles and the export controls -- The United Nations interventions for peace and security -- The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) -- Other international legal instruments -- The International Export Control Fora : Conditions and Criteria -- The origins and the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM) -- The Zangger Committee (ZC) -- The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) -- The Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) -- The Australia Group (AG) -- The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) -- Examples of Implementation : The European Union and the United States -- The control of dual-use trade in the European Union -- The control of dual-use trade in the United States -- WHAT TO CONTROL? -- The Different Dual-Use Items -- Goods -- Technology -- Software -- The Controlled Movements -- Export and transfer -- Re-export and re-transfer -- Transit -- Transhipment -- Brokering -- Technical assistance -- The intangible transfers -- The Control Lists -- The international control lists -- The European control list -- The United States' control list -- HOW TO CONTROL? -- The Authorisations -- The controls adapted to the different transactions -- The different types of authorisations -- The information and documents required -- More Controls, More Assurances -- The catch-all clauses -- The no re-export clause -- The non-proliferation clause -- The no-undercut principle -- The Elements of a Licencing Procedure -- The elements to be checked by the applicant -- The customs clearance -- The end-user and end-use post-shipment verifications -- The cooperation with the industry.