Advanced Hierarchical Nanostructured Materials -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Structural Diversity in Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electron Crystallography and Electron Tomography -- 1.2.1 Electron Crystallography -- 1.2.2 Electron Tomography -- 1.3 Diverse Structures of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas -- 1.3.1 2D Hexagonal Structures with Cylindrical Channels -- 1.3.2 3D Mesoporous Structures with Cage-Type Pores -- 1.3.3 Bi-Continuous Mesoporous Structures -- 1.3.4 Tri-Continuous Mesoporous Structure IBN-9 -- 1.3.5 Low-Symmetry Mesoporous Structures -- 1.3.6 Transition and Intergrowth of Different Mesoporous Structures -- 1.4 Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2 Hierarchically Nanostructured Biological Materials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 "Bottom-Up" Design Scheme -- 2.3 Organic-Inorganic Interfaces -- 2.4 Engineering Principles in Biological Materials -- 2.4.1 Anisotropy -- 2.4.2 Effects of Scaling -- 2.4.3 Organizing Defects and Damage in Biological Materials -- 2.4.4 Mesocrystalline Schemes in Short- to Long-Range Organization -- 2.4.5 Hierarchical Structuring and Its Properties -- 2.5 Model Hierarchical Biological Systems and Materials -- 2.5.1 Nacre -- 2.5.2 Wood -- 2.5.3 Bone -- 2.5.4 Diatoms -- 2.5.5 Butterfly Wings -- 2.5.6 Glass Sponge -- 2.5.7 Adult Sea Urchin Spine -- 2.5.8 Red Coral -- 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Preparation of Micro- and Nanostructured Materials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation of Superparamagnetic Nanocolloids -- 3.2.1 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanocrystals -- 3.2.2 Synthesis of Polymer-Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles and Magnetic Nanoclusters -- 3.2.3 Summary -- 3.3 Magnetic Gels -- 3.3.1 Summary.

3.4 Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles, Nanoclusters, and Magnetic-Polymer Nanocomposites -- 3.4.1 Assembly in 1-D Structures -- 3.4.2 Assembly in Higher Dimensional Structures -- 3.4.3 Summary -- 3.5 Magnetic Colloidal Crystals -- 3.5.1 Summary -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synthetic Methods for 1-D Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures -- 4.2.1 Template-Directed Approach -- 4.2.1.1 Hard Template Methods -- 4.2.1.2 Sacrificial Templates -- 4.2.1.3 Soft Template Methods -- 4.2.2 Template-Free Methods -- 4.2.3 Electrospinning Technique -- 4.3 Synthetic Methods for 3-D or Nonspherical Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures -- 4.3.1 Hard Template Strategy -- 4.3.2 Sacrificial Template Strategy -- 4.3.3 Soft Template Strategy -- 4.3.4 Template-Free Strategy -- 4.3.4.1 Ostwald Ripening -- 4.3.4.2 Kirkendall Effect -- 4.4 Potential Applications of Hollow Metallic Micro/Nanostructures -- 4.4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 4.4.2 Magnetic Properties -- 4.4.3 Sensors -- 4.4.4 Catalytic Properties -- 4.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Polymer Vesicles -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vesicle Formation -- 5.3 Smart Polymer Vesicles -- 5.3.1 pH-Responsive Vesicles -- 5.3.2 Thermoresponsive Vesicles -- 5.3.3 Voltage-Responsive Polymer Vesicles -- 5.3.4 Sugar-Responsive Vesicles -- 5.3.5 Photoresponsive Vesicles -- 5.4 Applications -- 5.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Helical Nanoarchitecture -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fabrication of Organic Helical Nanostructures -- 6.2.1 Helical Micelles from Staggered Stacking -- 6.2.2 Helical Micelle-Like Copolymers -- 6.2.3 Helical Organic Nanostructures by Postsynthetic Processes.

6.3 Fabrication of Inorganic Helical Nanostructures -- 6.3.1 Templated Methods -- 6.3.1.1 Organic Templates -- 6.3.1.2 Inorganic Templates -- 6.3.1.3 Backfilling of Inorganic Materials -- 6.3.2 Solution-Based Reactions -- 6.3.2.1 Staggered Stacking -- 6.3.2.2 Space Confinement -- 6.3.3 Catalytic Deposition -- 6.3.3.1 Helical Carbon Nanomaterials from Anisotropic Growth Mechanism -- 6.3.3.2 Helical Oxide Nanostructures from Electrostatic Mechanism -- 6.3.3.3 Helical Crystals from Screw-Dislocation-Driven Growth Mechanism -- 6.3.4 Postsynthetic Methods -- 6.3.4.1 Electron Beam Irradiation -- 6.3.4.2 Glancing Angle Deposition -- 6.3.4.3 Untwisting of Nanowires -- 6.3.4.4 Curving of a Double Layer -- 6.3.4.5 Buckling of Nanowires under Confinement -- 6.3.4.6 Tilting of Nanopillars under Capillary Forces -- 6.4 Properties of Helical Nanostructures -- 6.4.1 Mechanical Properties -- 6.4.2 Electromagnetic Properties -- 6.4.3 Optical Properties -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Hierarchical Layered Double Hydroxide Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Preparation of Hierarchical LDHs -- 7.2.1 LDH-Based Belt/Rod-Like Structures -- 7.2.1.1 Reverse Microemulsion Synthesis -- 7.2.1.2 Topotactic Intercalation -- 7.2.2 LDH-Based Nano/Microspheres -- 7.2.2.1 Sacrificial Template Method -- 7.2.2.2 Spray-Drying Method -- 7.2.3 LDH-Based Core-Shell Structures -- 7.2.3.1 Layer-By-Layer (LBL) Assembly -- 7.2.3.2 Coprecipitation Method -- 7.2.3.3 In Situ Growth -- 7.2.4 LDHs as Substrate to the Growth of Hierarchical Structures -- 7.2.4.1 Solution-Based Chemical Synthesis -- 7.2.4.2 CVD Deposition -- 7.3 Properties of Hierarchical LDHs -- 7.3.1 Hierarchical LDHs as Absorbents -- 7.3.2 Hierarchical LDHs as Catalysts and Supports.

7.3.3 Hierarchical LDHs as Electrochemical Energy-Storage Materials -- 7.3.3.1 Supercapacitors -- 7.3.3.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.3.4 Hierarchical LDHs as Drug-Delivery System -- 7.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Hierarchically Nanostructured Porous Boron Nitride -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synthesis of Mesoporous Boron Nitride -- 8.2.1 Exo-Templating Synthesis -- 8.2.2 Endo-Templating Approach -- 8.2.3 Direct Synthesis -- 8.3 Synthesis of Microporous Boron Nitride -- 8.4 Synthesis of Boron Nitride with Hierarchical Porosity -- 8.4.1 Synthesis of Hierarchical Micro- and Meso-porous Boron Nitride -- 8.4.1.1 Non-Template Methods -- 8.4.1.2 Template Methods -- 8.4.2 Synthesis of Hierarchical Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-porous Boron Nitride -- 8.4.2.1 The Structure-Director Route -- 8.4.2.2 Sintering of Powder -- 8.4.2.3 Direct Route -- 8.5 BN Nanosheets (BNNSs) -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Macroscopic Graphene Structures: Preparation, Properties, and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Preparation of Graphene -- 9.3 The Preparation and Properties of Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.1 Vacuum Filtering -- 9.3.1.1 Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.1.2 Graphene-Based Macroscopic Hybrid Structures -- 9.3.2 Template-Assisted Growth -- 9.3.2.1 Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.2.2 Graphene-Based Macroscopic Hybrid Structures -- 9.3.3 Chemical Self-Assembly Method -- 9.3.3.1 Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.3.2 Graphene-Based Macroscopic Hybrid Structures -- 9.3.4 Electrophoretic Method -- 9.3.4.1 Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.4.2 Graphene-Based Macroscopic Hybrid Structures -- 9.3.5 Layer-by-Layer Method -- 9.3.5.1 Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.3.5.2 Graphene-Based Macroscopic Hybrid Structures -- 9.3.6 Other Methods.

9.3.6.1 Leavening Strategy -- 9.3.6.2 Centrifugal Evaporation -- 9.3.6.3 Mechanical Cavitation-Chemical Oxidation Approach -- 9.3.6.4 Self-Assembly at a Liquid-Air Interface -- 9.4 Applications of Graphene Macroscopic Structures -- 9.4.1 Energy Storage -- 9.4.1.1 Supercapacitors -- 9.4.1.2 Lithium-Ion Battery -- 9.4.1.3 Hydrogen Storage -- 9.4.2 Selective Absorption -- 9.4.3 Photocatalytic Activities -- 9.4.4 Electrochemical Sensing -- 9.4.5 Actuator -- 9.4.6 Bio-Applications -- 9.5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10 Hydrothermal Nanocarbons -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Templating - An Opportunity for Pore Morphology Control -- 10.2.1 Hard Templating in HTC -- 10.2.2 Soft Templating HTC -- 10.2.3 Naturally Inspired Systems: The Use of Natural Templates -- 10.3 Carbon Aerogels -- 10.3.1 Ovalbumin/Glucose-Derived HTC Carbogels -- 10.3.2 Borax-Mediated Formation of HTC Carbogels from Glucose -- 10.3.3 Carbogels from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar and Phenolic Compounds -- 10.3.4 Emulsion-Templated "Carbo-HIPEs" from the Hydrothermal Treatment of Sugar Derivatives and Phenolic Compounds -- 10.4 Hydrothermal Carbon Nanocomposites -- 10.4.1 Coating HTC onto Preformed Nanostructures -- 10.4.2 Post-Synthetic Decoration of HTC with Inorganic Nanostructures -- 10.4.3 One-Step HTC Synthetic Method -- 10.4.4 HTC as Sacrificial Templates for Inorganic Porous Materials -- 10.5 Hydrothermal Carbon Quantum Dots -- 10.6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11 Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Storage -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Types of Porous Structures -- 11.2.1 Pore Size -- 11.2.2 Zero-Dimensional Porous Structures -- 11.2.3 One-Dimensional Porous Structures -- 11.2.4 Two-Dimensional Porous Structures -- 11.2.5 Three-Dimensional Porous Structures.

11.3 Synthesis of Porous Structures.