Implantable Bioelectronics -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Implantable Bioelectronics - Editorial Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2 Magnetically Functionalized Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Magnetic Microbial Cells -- 2.2.1 Direct Deposition of MNPs onto Microbial Cells -- 2.2.2 Polymer-Mediated Deposition of MNPs onto Microbial Cells -- 2.2.2.1 Layer-by-Layer Magnetic Functionalization of Microbial Cells -- 2.2.2.2 Single-step Polymer-mediated Magnetic Functionalization of Microbial Cells -- 2.2.3 Applications of Magnetically Modified Microbial Cells -- 2.2.3.1 Biosorbents and Biocatalysts -- 2.2.3.2 Whole-Cell Biosensors and Microfluidic Devices -- 2.2.3.3 Remotely Controlled Organisms -- 2.3 Magnetic Labeling of Mammal (Human) Cells -- 2.3.1 Intracellular Labeling of Cells -- 2.3.1.1 Labeling with Anionic Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.3.1.2 Labeling with Cationic Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 2.3.2 Extracellular Labeling of Cells -- 2.3.3 Applications of Magnetically Labeled Cells in Biomedicine -- 2.3.3.1 MRI Imaging of MNPs-Labeled Cells -- 2.3.3.2 MNPs-Mediated Cell Delivery and Tissue Engineering -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Untethered Insect Interfaces -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Systems for Tetherless Insect Flight Control -- 3.2.1 Various Approaches to Tetherless Flight Control -- 3.2.2 Neurostimulation for Initiation of Wing Oscillations -- 3.2.3 Extracellular Stimulation of the Muscles to Elicit Turns -- 3.3 Implantable Bioelectronics in Insects -- 3.3.1 Example: Insertion of Flexible Substrates into the Developing Eye -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Miniaturized Biomedical Implantable Devices -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Energy Harvesting as a Pathway to Miniaturization -- 4.3 Implementation of Implantable Devices -- 4.3.1 RF Power Harvesting -- 4.3.1.1 Matching Network -- 4.3.1.2 Rectifier -- 4.3.1.3 Regulator and Bandgap Reference -- 4.3.1.4 Low-Power Controller and Auxiliary Circuits in the Implant Functional Block -- 4.3.2 Wireless Communication Link -- 4.3.2.1 Forward Data Link -- 4.3.2.2 Reverse Data Link -- 4.3.3 Payload and Applications: Locomotive Implant and Implantable Cardiac Probe -- 4.3.3.1 Actuation for Therapeutics: Millimeter-Sized Wirelessly Powered and Remotely Controlled Locomotive Implant -- 4.3.3.2 Low-Power Sensing for Diagnostics: Implantable Intracardiac Probe -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Cross-Hierarchy Design Exploration for Implantable Electronics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 System Overview of a Generic Bioelectronic Implant -- 5.3 Circuit Design for Low-Power Signal Processing -- 5.3.1 Design Challenges for Low-Power Bioelectronic Sensor Interface -- 5.3.2 Analog Signal Processing Using Subthreshold Circuits -- 5.3.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion -- 5.3.4 Low-Power Digital Signal Processing -- 5.3.4.1 VDD Scaling and Parallel Processing -- 5.3.4.2 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling -- 5.3.4.3 Standby Mode Power Reduction -- 5.3.4.4 Minimum Energy Subthreshold Operation -- 5.3.5 FinFETs for Ultralow Voltage Subthreshold Circuits -- 5.4 Architecture-Level Optimizations for Low-Power Data Processing -- 5.4.1 Optimal Apportioning of Computation Task to Analog and Digital Blocks -- 5.4.2 Approximate Computing for Low Power -- 5.5 Design of Energy-Efficient Memory -- 5.5.1 Design Challenges with Subthreshold SRAM -- 5.5.1.1 On-Current to Off-Current Ratio -- 5.5.1.2 Sizing Constraints -- 5.5.1.3 Variability.

5.5.2 Spin Transfer Torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) for Energy-Efficient Memory Design -- 5.6 Wireless Communication Power Delivery -- 5.6.1 Near-Field Electromagnetic Wireless Communication -- 5.6.2 Far-Field Electromagnetic Wireless Communication -- 5.6.3 Wireless Energy Transfer -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Neural Interfaces: from Human Nerves to Electronics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fusing Robotics with the Human Body: Interfacing with the Peripheral Nervous System -- 6.2.1 The Anatomy of Peripheral Nerves -- 6.2.1.1 Glial Cells of the Peripheral Nervous System -- 6.2.1.2 Functional Afferent and Efferent Pathways -- 6.2.2 Interfacing with the Periphery for Recording and Stimulation -- 6.2.2.1 Noninvasive Electrodes -- 6.2.2.2 Extraneural Electrodes -- 6.2.2.3 Intrafascicular Electrodes -- 6.2.2.4 Regeneration-Based Electrodes -- 6.2.2.5 Research Designs and Challenges -- 6.3 Listening to the Brain: Interfacing with the Central Nervous System -- 6.3.1 Glial Cells of the Central Nervous System -- 6.3.1.1 Microglia - Sentinels of the Brain -- 6.3.1.2 Astrocytes - Cellular Support for Neurons -- 6.3.2 Interfacing with the Brain for Recordings -- 6.3.2.1 Noninvasive Electrodes -- 6.3.2.2 Extracortical Electrodes -- 6.3.2.3 Invasive Intracortical Electrodes -- 6.3.2.4 Research Designs and Challenges -- 6.4 Electrical Modulation of the Human Nervous System: Stimulation and Clinical Applications -- 6.4.1 Deep Brain Stimulation -- 6.4.1.1 Biological Mechanisms -- 6.4.1.2 Electrode Design and Stimulation -- 6.4.1.3 Research Designs and Challenges -- 6.4.2 Electrical Modulation of Nerve Regeneration -- 6.4.2.1 Biological Mechanisms -- 6.4.2.2 Electrode Stimulation -- 6.4.3 Pain Modulation -- 6.4.3.1 Biological Mechanisms -- 6.4.3.2 Clinical Outcomes -- 6.4.4 Electrical Modulation of Inflammation.

6.4.4.1 The Vagus Nerve and Stimulation -- 6.4.4.2 Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway -- 6.5 Future Directions for Neural Interfacing -- References -- Chapter 7 Cyborgs - the Neuro-Tech Version -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Brains in a Robot Body -- 7.3 Deep Brain Stimulation -- 7.4 General Purpose Brain Implants -- 7.5 Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interfaces -- 7.6 Subdermal Magnetic Implants -- 7.7 RFID Implants -- 7.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Interaction with Implanted Devices through Implanted User Interfaces -- 8.1 Implanted User Interfaces -- 8.1.1 Design Considerations -- 8.1.1.1 Input through Implanted Interfaces -- 8.1.1.2 Output through Implanted Interfaces -- 8.1.1.3 Communication and Synchronization -- 8.1.1.4 Power Supply through Implanted Interfaces -- 8.1.2 Summary -- 8.2 Evaluating Basic Implanted User Interfaces -- 8.2.1 Devices -- 8.2.2 Experimenters -- 8.2.3 Procedure -- 8.2.4 Medical Procedure -- 8.2.5 Study Procedure and Results -- 8.2.5.1 Touch Input Device (Pressure Sensor, Tap Sensor, Button) -- 8.2.5.2 Hover Input Device (Capacitive and Brightness Sensor) -- 8.2.5.3 Output Device (Red LED, Vibration Motor) -- 8.2.5.4 Audio Device (Speaker and Microphone) -- 8.2.5.5 Powering Device (Powermat Wireless Charger) -- 8.2.5.6 Wireless Communication Device (Bluetooth Chip) -- 8.2.6 Discussion -- 8.2.7 Exploring Exposed Components -- 8.3 Qualitative Evaluation -- 8.3.1 Simulating Implants: Artificial Skin -- 8.3.2 Task and Procedure -- 8.3.3 Participants -- 8.3.4 Results -- 8.4 Medical Considerations -- 8.4.1 Location -- 8.4.2 Device Parameters -- 8.4.3 Risks -- 8.4.4 Implications and Future Studies -- 8.5 Discussion and Limitations -- 8.5.1 Study Limitations -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 9 Ultralow Power and Robust On-Chip Digital Signal Processing for Closed-Loop Neuro-Prosthesis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Neural Interfaces -- 9.1.2 Closing the Neural Loop: Significance of On-Chip DSP -- 9.2 Algorithm: a Vocabulary-Based Neural Signal -- 9.2.1 Analysis -- 9.2.2 Spike-Level Vocabulary -- 9.2.3 Spike Detection -- 9.2.4 Spike Characterization and Sorting -- 9.2.5 Burst-Level Vocabulary -- 9.2.6 Multichannel Vocabulary for Behavior-Specific Patterns -- 9.2.7 Output Packet Generation -- 9.3 Hardware Implementation -- 9.3.1 Wavelet Module -- 9.3.1.1 Vocabulary Module -- 9.3.2 Area, Power Reduction Methodologies -- 9.3.2.1 Subthreshold versus Super-Threshold Operation -- 9.3.3 Impact of Process Variations on Yield -- 9.3.3.1 Preferential Design -- 9.3.4 Overall Design Flow -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Implantable CMOS Imaging Devices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Fundamentals of CMOS Imaging Devices -- 10.2.1 Photosensors -- 10.2.2 Active Pixel Sensor -- 10.2.3 Log Sensor -- 10.2.4 Pulse Width Modulation Sensor -- 10.2.5 SPAD Sensor -- 10.3 Artificial Retina -- 10.3.1 Principle of Artificial Retina -- 10.3.2 Artificial Retina Based on CMOS Imaging Device -- 10.4 Brain-Implantable CMOS Imaging Device -- 10.4.1 Measurement Methods for Brain Activities -- 10.4.2 Fiber Endoscope and Head-Mountable Device -- 10.4.3 Brain-Implantable CMOS Imaging Device -- 10.5 Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Implanted Wireless Biotelemetry -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Biotelemetry -- 11.2.1 Inductive Link for Forward Data -- 11.2.2 Wireless Power Link -- 11.2.3 Implantable Telemetry Links -- 11.2.3.1 Wideband Telemetry Link -- 11.2.3.2 Multichannel Neural Recording Systems -- 11.2.3.3 Wireless Endoscope.

11.3 Microelectrode Arrays and Interface Electronics.