Geriatric Neurology -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Part 1 The Aging Brain in Neurology -- Chapter 1 The Biology of Aging: Implications for Diseases of Aging and Health Care in the Twenty-First Century -- Introduction -- Aging and mortality -- Implications of an aging demographic in Western societies for priorities in health care: prevention versus high-technology medicine -- Historical and basic evolutionary perspectives on aging -- Basic molecular and cellular perspectives on aging: phenotypes of aging -- Oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial perspectives -- Inflammation -- Glycation, advanced glycation end products, and AGE receptors -- Autophagy -- Apoptosis -- Sarcopenia -- Cellular senescence -- Endocrine dyscrasia -- The slowing of aging: dietary or calorie restriction and lifestyle interventions -- Calorie restriction: evolutionary andanimal models -- Calorie restriction: genes and pathways -- Mammalian Target of Rapamycin -- Calorie-restriction mimetics -- Calorie-restriction variants and mutants -- Lifestyle and dietary factors -- Exercise -- Obesity -- Polyphenols -- Diseases of aging (with particular relevance to neurology) -- Cardiovascular disease -- Alzheimer's disease -- Parkinson's disease -- Aging processes and the brain: cognitive changes in aging -- Departure from ancient evolutionary environment: impact on aging processes and promotion of diseases of aging -- What constitutes optimal prevention of the diseases of aging? -- References -- Chapter 2 Functional Changes Associated with the Aging Nervous System -- Introduction -- The aging brain -- Brain size and neuronal loss -- White matter changes -- Synaptic and dendritic changes in aging -- Alzheimer's disease changes in "normal aging" -- Microscopic vascular pathology in the aged brain -- Other changes.

Neuropathology of mild cognitive impairment and dementia -- Alzheimer's disease -- Mild cognitive impairment -- Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia -- Dementia with Lewy body disease -- Mixed pathology (AD, infarct, and Lewy bodies pathology) in dementia -- Frontotemporal lobar degeneration -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome -- Neuropathology of other dementias -- Cerebrovascular disease in the elderly -- Atherosclerosis -- Small vessel disease -- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy -- Vasculitis -- Infarction -- Anoxic/hypoxic encephalopathy -- Intraparenchymal hemorrhages -- Subarachnoid hemorrhage -- Movements disorders -- Parkinson's disease -- Multiple System atrophy -- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Huntington's disease -- Brain tumors -- Glial neoplasms -- Metastatic lesions -- Primary CNS lymphoma -- Meningiomas -- Schwannomas -- Neurofi bromas -- Toxic metabolic encephalopathy -- Hepatic encephalopathy -- Alcohol -- Central pontine myelinolysis -- Infections and inflammation of the CNS -- Bacterial meningitis -- Viral infections -- Cryptococcosis -- Toxoplasmosis -- Other infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain -- Trauma -- Subdural hematomas -- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy -- References -- Part 2 Assessment of the Geriatric Neurology Patient -- Chapter 3 Approach to the Geriatric Neurology Patient: The Neurologic Examination -- Introduction -- The geriatric neurologic examination with a focus on function -- Physical examination -- Biometrics -- Medications -- Head and neck examination -- Cardiovascular -- Neurologic examination -- Mental status testing -- Speech -- Language -- Cranial nerves -- Motor examination -- Sensory examination -- Reflexes -- Coordination and cerebellar examination -- Gait and posture -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessment of Cognitive Status in Geriatric Neurology.

Chapter 4.1 Mental Status Examination in the Geriatric Neurology Patient -- Observational and neuropsychiatric assessment -- Level of consciousness -- General appearance -- Mood and affect -- Behavior -- Movement -- Speech and communication -- Thought form and thought content -- Perception -- Insight -- Cognitive assessment -- Attention, working memory, and concentration -- Orientation -- Memory -- Language -- Abstract thinking -- Judgment and problem-solving abilities -- Visuospatial and construction skills -- Calculation -- Executive function -- Word list generation -- Performance-based tools forcognitive evaluation -- Informant-based tools for cognitive evaluation -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4.2 Neuropsychology in Geriatric Neurology -- Basis of neuropsychological assessment -- Normative data -- Standardized assessment -- Interpretation -- Utility of neuropsychological assessment -- Diagnosis -- Assessment of functional limitations -- Treatment -- Cognitive domains in neuropsychology -- Attention, orientation, concentration -- Language and communication -- Verbal and episodic memory -- Temporal model -- Characteristic model -- Modality model -- Stage model -- Executive abilities/function -- Visuospatial abilities -- Neuropsychological profiles of disorders in geriatric neuropsychology -- Preclinical diagnosis of dementia -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Cognitive Reserve and the Aging Brain -- Introduction -- Neural markers of cognitive reserve in young, healthy adults -- Neural markers of cognitive reserve in healthy young and older adults -- Neural markers of cognitive reserve in healthy elderly and Alzheimer's patients -- Implications of cognitive reserve for diagnosis and prevention -- References -- Chapter 6 Gait Disorders in the Graying Population -- Introduction: a historical perspective -- Epidemiology.

Gait and adverse outcomes -- Falls -- Gait and disability -- Gait and survival -- Cognition and gait -- The "aging" of walking -- Clinical gait classification -- Psychogenic gait disorders -- Quantitative assessment of gait: creating a scorecard for prediction of falls -- Timed gait -- Performance-based tests -- Walking while talking -- Etiology of gait disorders: a window into diagnosis and workup -- Summary -- Suggested citations -- Case discussions -- Case 1: history -- Case 2: history -- Case 3: history -- Case 4: history -- Case 5: history -- References -- Chapter 7 Imaging of the Geriatric Brain -- Chapter 7.1 Structural Neuroimaging in Degenerative Dementias -- The role of structural neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease -- Hippocampal atrophy -- Cortical atrophy -- Ventricular enlargement -- White matter changes -- The role of structural neuroimaging in the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum -- The role of structural neuroimaging in dementia with Lewy bodies -- The role of structural neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease dementia -- The role of structural neuroimaging in other parkinsonian dementias and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7.2 Functional Imaging in Dementia -- What is functional imaging? -- Positron emission tomography in dementia -- FDG-PET in MCI -- FDG-PET in the evaluation of presymptomatic risk for AD -- FDG-PET and other dementias -- Frontal temporal lobar dementia -- Dementia with Lewy bodies -- Vascular dementia -- FDG-PET in the clinic -- Single photon emission computed tomography -- SPECT compared with PET -- Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- fMRI in response to a memory task -- Resting state fMRI -- Perfusion fMRI using arterial spin labeling -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7.3 Amyloid Imaging -- Introduction -- Individual amyloid imaging agents -- 11C-labeled agents -- PiB.

BF227 -- 18F-labeled agents -- Flutemetamol -- FDDNP -- Florbetapir -- Florbetaben -- NAV4694 -- Case studies using amyloid imaging -- Case 1: Ms. JW, MOCA 18, amyloid negative -- Case 2: Mr. PS, MOCA 22, amyloid PET scan positive -- Case 3: Ms. EC, MOCA 20, amyloid scan positive -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Clinical Laboratory Investigations in Geriatric Neurology -- Laboratory test interpretation -- General considerations -- Dementias -- Secondary dementia -- Alzheimer's disease -- Vascular brain injury -- Lewy body disease -- Frontotemporal lobar degeneration -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and prion disorders -- Normal pressure hydrocephalus -- Movement disorders -- Parkinson's disease -- Parkinson-plus syndromes -- Cerebrovascular disorders -- Infarction -- Hemorrhage -- Vasculitis -- Other disorders -- Headache -- Depression -- Delirium -- Human immunodeficiency virus -- Paraneoplastic disorders -- Genetic disorders -- Assessment of cerebral injury -- References -- Part 3 Neurologic Conditions in the Elderly -- Chapter 9 Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias -- Chapter 9.1 Mild Cognitive Impairment -- Development of the concept of mild cognitive impairment -- How is MCI defined? -- MCI subtypes -- Diagnostic issues -- Pathology of MCI -- Biomarkers in MCI -- Predictors of outcomes in MCI -- Treatment of MCI -- Impact on society/ethical issues -- Future directions -- References -- Chapter 9.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- Introduction -- Clinical features and diagnostic evaluation of AD -- Symptoms of AD -- Neurologic examination -- Laboratory studies -- Diagnostic criteria for AD -- Preclinical stage of AD criteria -- Dementia due to AD diagnostic criteria -- Probable and possible AD dementia -- core clinical criteria -- Epidemiology -- Genetics -- References -- Chapter 9.3 Dementia with Lewy Bodies -- Overview -- Clinical profile.

Neuropathology.