Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Adult Stem Cells: From Bench-Top to Bedside -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Stem Cells -- 3. Stem Cell Isolation and Cultivation -- 3.1. Isolation -- 3.2. Cultivation -- 3.3. Replating -- 3.4. Cryopreservation -- 3.5. Assaying for cell type -- 4. Parkinson Disease and Potential of Stem Cell -- 4.1. Bench-top animal model for Parkinson disease -- 4.2. Bedside phase-0 efficacy trial for Parkinson disease -- 5. Future Perspective -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Preparation of Tissue Development - Mimicking Matrices and Their Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell-Derived Matrices -- 3. Stepwise Osteogenesis-Mimicking Matrices -- 4. Stepwise Adipogenesis-Mimicking Matrices -- 5. Comparison of Stepwise Osteogenesis-Mimicking and Stepwise Adipogenesis-Mimicking Matrices on Stem Cell Differentiation -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Decellularized Scaffolds: Concepts, Methodologies, and Applications in Cardiac Tissue Engineering and Whole-Organ Regeneration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History and Current State of Decellularized Approach -- 3. Methodologies in Decellularization Approaches -- 3.1. The balance between cell removal and ECM preservation -- 3.2. Current state of decellularization methodologies -- 3.2.1. Chemicals methods -- 3.2.1.1. Ionic detergent (SDS) -- 3.2.1.2. Non-ionic detergents ( Triton X-100) -- 3.2.1.3. Chelating agent (EDTA) -- 3.2.1.4. Zwitterionic-based detergent -- 3.2.1.5. Acids and bases -- 3.2.1.6. Hypotonic and hypertonic solutions -- 3.2.1.7. Alcohols and acetone -- 3.2.2. Enzymatic methods -- 3.2.3. Physical methods and preservation methods -- 3.2.4. Combinations of various decellularization methods -- 3.2.5. Scaffold treatment - Sterilization, stabilization, coating, and storage/handling.

3.2.5.1. Sterilization -- 3.2.5.2. Stabilization -- 3.2.5.3. Coating -- 3.2.5.4. Storage/ handling -- 4. Application of Decellularized Scaffolds in Cardiac Tissue Engineering -- 4.1. Cardiac tissue engineering -- 4.2. Acellular myocardial scaffolds and applications -- 4.3. Biomechanics of acellular myocardial scaffold and its implications -- 5. Application of Decellularized Scaffolds in Whole-Organ Tissue Engineering -- 5.1. Demands for whole-organ tissue engineering -- 5.2. Whole-organ decellularization and its applications -- 5.2.1. Heart -- 5.2.2. Lung -- 5.2.3. Liver -- 5.2.4. Kidney -- 6. Discussions -- 6.1. 3D structural integrity -- 6.2. Recellularization and provision of oxygen and nutrients -- 6.3. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Recent Advances on Three-Dimensional Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration and Repair -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of 3D Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds -- 2.1. Nanofiber bundles and yarns -- 2.2 Tubular nanofiber structures -- 2.3. Microspherical nanofiber structures -- 2.4. Heterogeneous structures -- 2.5. Regular structures formed by layer-by-layer stacking -- 2.6. Regular structures formed by direct fiber writing -- 2.7. Regular structures with dimpled feature -- 2.8. Regular structures with patterned hexagonal features -- 2.9. Regular structures formed by noobing and weaving -- 3. Utilization of 3D Nanofiber Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration and Repair -- 3.1. Putting tubular nanofiber scaffolds to work for artificial blood vessels -- 3.2. Putting tubular nanofiber scaffolds to work for nerve regeneration -- 3.3. Putting layer-by-layer stacked nanofiber scaffolds to work for annulus fibrosus regeneration -- 3.4. Putting 3D nanofiber scaffolds to work for bone regeneration -- 4. Conclusion and Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Chapter 5 Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends -- 1. Nanotechnology -- 2. Electrospinning -- 2.1. Processing parameters -- 2.1.1. Applied voltage -- 2.1.2. Flow rate -- 2.1.3. Collector distance -- 2.1.4. Types of collectors -- 2.2. Solution parameters -- 2.2.1. Polymer concentration -- 2.2.2. Solution conductivity -- 2.3. Polymeric blends -- 2.3.1. Blends of natural polymers -- 2.3.2. Blends of natural and synthetic polymers -- 2.4. State-of-the-art and new trends -- 2.4.1. Need of electrospinning for tissue engineering -- 2.4.2. Novel approaches in electrospinning -- 2.4.2.1. Fiber aligned scaffolds -- 2.4.2.2. Multilayered scaffolds -- 2.4.2.3. Dual-porous electrospun scaffolds -- 2.4.2.4. Core-shelled nanofibrous scaffolds -- 2.4.2.5. Electroblowing scaffolds -- 2.4.2.6. Water-bath electrospinning scaffolds -- 2.4.3. Combined therapy with drug loaded scaffolds -- 3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Extra Cellular Matrix and Its Application as Coating on Synthetic 3D Scaffolds for Guided Tissue Regeneration -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scaffold-Guided Tissue Regeneration -- 3. ECM as Naturally Derived Scaffolds -- 4. Synthetic 3D Scaffolds Coated with Cell Culture Derived ECM for Bone Regeneration -- 5. Conclusion Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7 Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Information on "Nano" -- 3. Micron- and Submicron-Sized Calcium Orthophosphates vs. the Nanodimensional Ones -- 4. Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates in Calcified Tissues of Mammals -- 4.1. Bones -- 4.2. Teeth -- 5. The Structure of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Apatites -- 6. Synthesis of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates -- 6.1. General nanotechnological approaches.

6.2. Nanodimensional and nanocrystalline apatites -- 6.3. Nanodimensional and nanocrystalline TCP -- 6.4. Other nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates -- 6.5. Biomimetic construction using nanodimensional particles -- 7. Biomedical Applications of Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates -- 7.1. Bone repair -- 7.2. Nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates and cells -- 7.3. Dental applications -- 7.4. Other biomedical applications -- 8. Non-Biomedical Applications of the Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates -- 9. Summary and Perspectives -- 10. Conclusions -- 11. Post-Conclusion Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8 Nano-Bioceramics as Coatings for Orthopedic Implants and Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration -- 1. Nanotechnology in Orthopedic and Dental Implants -- 1.1. Nanoscale topography -- 1.2. Nanostructured coatings of bioactive ceramics -- 1.2.1. Calcium phosphate-based (CaP) coatings -- 1.2.2. Nanocomposite and doped HA coatings -- 1.2.3. Reinforcement of HA coatings with nanoscale phases -- 1.2.4. Non-CaP ceramic coatings -- 1.3. Outlook for nanostructured ceramic coatings -- 2. Three-Dimensional Macroporous Scaffolds of Nanostructured Bioceramics -- 2.1. Bioactive glass scaffolds -- 2.2. CaP scaffolds -- 2.3. Surface coating -- 2.4. Polymer-ceramic nanocomposites -- 2.4.1. Nanophase bioactive ceramic coating on macroporous biopolymer scaffolds -- 2.4.2. Organic-inorganic composites -- 2.5. Outlook for nanocomposite scaffolds -- References -- Chapter 9 Cell Behavior on Electrospun Scaffolds: Factors at Play on Nanoscale -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cell Sensing of the Micro-Environment -- 2.1. Cell-biomaterial interface -- 2.1.1. Integrins -- 2.1.2. Integrin mediated adhesions -- 2.1.3. Intracellular signaling pathways -- 2.2. Electrospinning.

2.3. Nano-topologies in electrospun scaffolds -- 2.3.1. Fiber diameter -- 2.3.2. Fiber alignment -- 2.3.2.1. Manipulation of electric field -- 2.3.2.2. Alteration of collection method -- 2.3.3. Pore size and porosity -- 2.3.3.1. Increasing fiber diameter -- 2.3.3.2. Modified fiber collection techniques -- 3. Biological Response to Electrospun Scaffolds -- 4. Physical Substrate for Stem Cell Differentiation -- 5. Effect of Fiber Diameter and Scaffold Porosity -- 6. Effect of Fiber Alignment -- 7. Effect of Chemically Modified Electrospun Scaffolds -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 The Convergence of Biomimetic Nanofibers and Cells for Functional Tissue Formation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of Nanofibers with a Diverse Chemistry -- 2.1. Synthetic polymer fibers -- 2.1.1. Polycaprolactone -- 2.1.2. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) -- 2.1.3. Other synthetic polymers -- 2.2. Natural polymer fibers -- 2.2.1. Collagen -- 2.2.2. Chitosan -- 2.2.3. Silk fibroin -- 2.2.4. Other natural polymers -- 2.3. Composite nanofiber -- 2.3.1. Synthetic polymers with natural polymers -- 2.3.2. Polymers with ceramics -- 3. Fiber Dimension and Spatial Arrangement -- 3.1. Fiber diameter -- 3.2. Spatial arrangement of electrospun nanofibers -- 4. Cell-Electrospun Fiber Interaction -- 4.1. Cell morphology -- 4.2. Cell migration and proliferation -- 4.3. Cell phenotype -- 4.4. Underlying mechanism -- 5. Future Perspective and Challenge -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Surface Structure of Nanocomposites and Its Properties: A Practical Example -- 1. The Importance of the Surface in Biomaterials -- 2. Nano-Composites with Active Surfaces -- 2.1. Synthesis of nano-sized calcium phosphate apatite -- 2.2. Preparation of composites having various surface roughness levels.

2.3. Characterization of the surface of composite discs (i.e. roughness and hydrophilicity).