CONTENTS -- Perface -- Chapter 1 What is Biomass -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drivers for Biomass -- 3. Biomass Types -- 4. Understanding Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.1. Composition of lignocellulosic biomass -- 4.2. Physical and chemical characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass -- 4.2.1. Cellulose -- 4.2.2. Hemicellulose -- 4.2.3. Lignin -- 4.2.4. Ash content and inorganic element profiles -- 4.2.5. Extractive content -- 4.2.6. Elemental composition -- 4.2.7. Heating values -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Biomass Recalcitrance and the Contributing Cell Wall Factors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structural Features -- 3. Molecular Features -- 3.1. Cellulose crystallinity -- 3.2. Cellulose degree of polymerization -- 3.3. Cellulose accessibility -- 4. Chemical Features -- 4.1. Lignin -- 4.2. Hemicellulose -- 4.3. Pectin -- 4.4. Acetyl groups -- References -- Chapter 3 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance via Water/Acid Pretreatments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical Process of DAP and HTP -- 2.1. Dilute acid pretreatment -- 2.2. Hydrothermal pretreatment -- 3. Hemicelluloses Hydrolysis and Porosity during DAP and HTP -- 4. Cellulose Crystallinity and Degree of Polymerization during DAP and HTP -- 5. Lignin Behavior during DAP and HTP -- 6. Pseudo-lignin Formation -- 7. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance via Organosolv Pretreatments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of Organosolv Pretreatment -- 3. Mechanism of Organosolv Pretreatment for Reduction of Recalcitrance -- 4. Cellulose Behavior during Organosolv Pretreatment -- 5. Lignin Behavior during Organosolv Pretreatment -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance via Ionic Liquid Pretreatments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. What are ionic liquids?.

1.2. What biofuels are possible from IL pretreatments -- 2. Biomass Solubility -- 2.1. Solubility and stability of wood and wood biopolymers in ILs -- 2.2. Solubility of wood in IL-based organic electrolytes -- 3. IL-Aided Fractionation as a Pretreatment for Saccharification -- 4. Tolerance of Enzymes/Microorganisms to IL Systems -- 5. Ionic Liquid Recyclability and Recycling Strategies -- 6. Challenges and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6 Enzymatic Deconstruction of Lignocellulose to Fermentable Sugars -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzymatic System -- 2.1. Cellulase enzyme system -- 2.2. Hemicellulase enzyme system -- 2.3. Lignin modifying enzymes -- 2.4. Pectin degrading enzymes -- 3. Cellulose Enzymatic Saccharification -- 3.1. Enzyme behavior in hydrolysis -- 3.2. Cellulase adsorption and desorption -- 3.3. Carbohydrate-bonding modules -- 3.4. Trichoderma reesei system -- 4. Factors Influencing Lignocelluloses Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 4.1. Experimental conditions involved factors -- 4.2. Substrate features involved factors -- 4.3. Enzyme related factors -- 5. Strategies to Enhance Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- 5.1. Synergistic effects on enzymatic hydrolysis -- 5.2. Additives and surfactants -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Fermentation to Bioethanol/Biobutanol -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochemical Fermenting Microorganisms and Developments -- 2.1. Yeast-Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 2.2. Bacteria-Zymomonas mobilis -- 2.3. Genetically engineered microorganisms -- 2.3.1. Pentose metabolism in yeast, bacteria and fungi -- 2.3.2. Metabolic engineering of yeast strains -- 2.3.3. Engineering of Z. mobilis for xylose and arabinose metabolism -- 2.3.4. Engineering of Escherichia coli for ethanol/butanol production -- 2.3.5. Engineering K. oxytoca for ethanol production.

3. Direct Ethanol Fermentation Processing Strategies -- 3.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) -- 3.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) -- 3.3. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) -- 3.4. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) -- 4. Biomass-derived Syngas Fermentation to Biofuels -- 4.1. Biomass gasification -- 4.2. Metabolic pathways and biochemical reactions -- 4.3. Reactor design for syngas fermentation -- 4.4. Important factors affecting syngas fermentation -- 4.4.1. Inhibitory compounds -- 4.4.2. Mass transfer -- 4.4.3. pH and temperature -- 4.4.4. Types of microorganism and growth media -- 4.4.5. Industrial-scale syngas fermentation and economics -- 5. Biobutanol Fermentation -- 6. Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Pyrolysis of Biomass to Bio-oils -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignocellulose -- 2.1. Cellulose -- 2.2. Hemicelluloses -- 2.3. Lignin -- 3. Pyrolysis of Biomass Components -- 3.1 Pyrolysis of lignin -- 3.1.1. Gas products of pyrolysis of lignin -- 3.1.2. Liquid products of pyrolysis of lignin -- 3.2. Pyrolysis of cellulose -- 3.3. Pyrolysis of hemicellulose -- 3.4. Pyrolysis of tannin -- 4. Characterization Methods of Pyrolysis Oil -- 4.1. FT-IR analysis of lignin pyrolysis oil -- 4.2. NMR analysis of pyrolysis oil -- 4.3. Elemental analysis, viscosity, acidity, heating value and solid residue of pyrolysis oil -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Upgrade of Bio-Oil to Bio-Fuel and Bio-Chemical -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aging Process of Pyrolysis Oils -- 3. Upgrade Pyrolysis Oil with Zeolites -- 3.1. Influences of Si/Al ratios of zeolites on the properties of upgraded pyrolysis oils -- 3.2. Influences of frameworks of zeolites on the properties of upgraded pyrolysis oils -- 4. Hydrodeoxygenation of Pyrolysis Oils.

4.1. Catalysts used in hydrodeoxygenation process -- 4.2. Sulfided catalyst -- 4.3. Noble metal catalyst -- 4.3.1. Platinum -- 4.3.2. Palladium -- 4.3.3. Rhodium -- 4.3.4. Ruthenium -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Corrosion Issues in Biofuels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corrosion -- 3. Constituents of Biofuels and Their Potential Relationships to Corrosiveness to Steels -- 3.1 Corrosion issues in ethanol and methanol biofuels -- 3.1.1. Chloride contamination of FGE -- 3.1.2. Effects of water concentration on corrosion and SCC of steels in methanol and ethanol biofuels -- 3.1.3. Understanding the mechanisms of effects of water on corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in methanol and ethanol biofuels -- 3.1.4. Role of dissolved oxygen in corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of carbon steels in ethanol biofuels -- 3.1.5. Corrosive effects of organic impurities in fuel grade ethanol -- 3.1.6. Corrosion of materials in ethanol/gasoline blended fuels -- 3.2. Corrosion issues in biodiesel -- 3.2.1. Microbial corrosion in biodiesel -- 3.2.2. Stress corrosion cracking in biodiesel -- 3.3. Corrosion issues in bio-oils or pyrolysis oils -- 3.3.1. Effect of water content and temperature on pyrolysis oil corrosivity -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Incorporation of Biofuels Technology into a Pulp Mill -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biofuels Landscape in the United States -- 3. Biorefinery Concepts -- 3.1. The conversion pathways -- 3.1.1. Solid biomass gasification -- 3.1.2. Gasification-based biorefineries integrated with pulp mills -- 3.1.3. Fast pyrolysis -- 3.1.4. Acid hydrolysis and fermentation -- 3.1.5. Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation -- 4. Lignin and Its Opportunities in Biorefineries -- 4.1. Lignin sources in biorefinery concepts -- 4.1.1. Lignin from Kraft pulping process -- 4.1.2. Lignin from sulfite pulping process.

4.1.3. Other lignin production technologies -- 5. Future of Biorefining in Pulp Mills -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Integrated Possibilities of Producing Biofuels in Chemical Pulping -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Pulping processes -- 1.2. Possibilities of pulping-based biofuel production -- 2. Autohydrolysis of Wood Chips -- 2.1. Basic considerations -- 2.2. Autohydrolysate-based products -- 3. By-Products of Kraft Pulping -- 3.1. Extractives -- 3.2. Lignin -- 4. Thermochemical Treatment of Black Liquor -- 4.1. General aspects -- 4.2. Gasification -- 4.3. Liquefaction -- 5. By-Products of Acid Sulfite Pulping -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Index.